Basic

Electronics
- The Basic of Resistor
Prepared by:
MR. ONCHIE DIMLA
Electronics is a branch of science that deals with the study
of flow of electrons in electrical circuits. The word Electronics
comes from electron mechanics which means learning the
way how an electron behaves under different conditions of
externally applied fields.
Types of Electronic Components:
1. Passive Components - These electronics components
are called passive because they by themselves are not
capable of amplifying or processing an electrical circuit; they
only consume power (and can’t generate it)
1. Resistors
2. Capacitors
3. Inductors
For example if you connect a resistor to the supply voltage, it
starts to control the flow of current to other components; a
capacitor to store electrical energy; an inductor to block AC
while allowing DC to pass or filters to separate signals of
different frequencies, etc.
2. Active Components rely on a source of energy (usually
from the DC circuit) and requires external source to their
operation and
1. Diode
2. Transistor
3. SCR

For example, If we connect a Diode in a circuit and then

connect this circuit to the supply voltage, then Diode will not
conduct the current until the supply voltage reach to 0.3(In
case of Germanium) or 0.7V(In case of Silicon). A transistor
is used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical
power. The function of SCR is switch that can turn on or off
small or large amounts of power.
 The Basic of Resistor
Resistance: is the property of a substance which opposes the
flow of electric current (or electricity) through it or Resistance
is the ability of a circuit which opposes current. Commonly
resistors are used to limit current, divide voltages, etc.

Mica, Glass, Rubber, Wood are the examples of

resistive materials.

There is a similarity between the movement of electrons

in wires and the movement of water in the pipes. If the
pressure on one end of a water pipe is increased, the
amount of water that will pass through the pipe will also
increase. The pressure at the other end of the pipe will
decrease if the resistance of the pipe increases.
The unit of resistance is OHM. The symbol for an ohm is the
Greek capital-omega: Ω. where 1Ω = 1V/1A. which is
derived from the basic electrical Ohm’s law = V = IR.

Larger or smaller values of ohms can be matched with a

prefix like kilo ohms (kΩ), mega ohms (MΩ), or giga ohms
(GΩ), to make large values easier to read. (much less
common to see milliohm (mΩ) resistors).

Example: 4,700Ω resistor is equivalent to a 4.7kΩ resistor

5,600,000Ω resistor can be written as 5,600kΩ or
(more commonly as) 5.6MΩ.

Resistor – a device or component that has electrical

resistance and is used in an electric circuit for opposing,
limiting, protecting, operating, and controlling electric
current.
Schematic symbol
All resistors have two terminals, one connection on
each end of the resistor. When modelled on a schematic, a
resistor will show up as one of these two symbols:

Two common resistor schematic symbols. R1 is an American-style

1kΩ resistor, and R2 is an international-style 47kΩ resistor.
Symbols of Different Types of Resistors according to
IEEE & IEC.
The resistor circuit symbols are usually enhanced with both
a resistance value and a name. The name of the resistor is
usually an R preceding a number. Each resistor in a circuit
should have a unique name/number. For example, here’s a
few resistors in action on a 555 timer circuit:
Types of Resistors
Resistors are available in different size, Shapes and
materials.
There are two basic types of resistors.
1. Linear Resistors. Those resistors, which values change
with the applied voltage and temperature, are called linear
resistors. In other words, a resistor, which current value is
directly proportional to the applied voltage is known as linear
resistors.

Two types of resistors which have linear properties

1. Fixed Resistors - As the name tells everything, fixed
resistor is a resistor which has a specific value and we
can’t change the value of fixed resistors.
Types of Fixed resistors.
Carbon Composition Resistors
Wire Wound Resistors
Thin Film Resistors
Thick Film Resistors
2. Variable Resistors - As the name indicates, those
resistors which values can be changed through a dial,
knob, and screw or manually by a proper method. In
these types of resistors, there is a sliding arm, which is
connected to the shaft and the value of resistance can
be changed by rotating the arm. They are used in the
radio receiver for volume control and tone control
resistance
Types of Variable Resistors
1. Potentiometers
2. Rheostats
3. Trimmers
2. Non Linear Resistors. We know that, nonlinear resistors
are those resistors, where the current flowing through it does
not change according to Ohm’s Law but, changes with change
in temperature or applied voltage.

If the flowing current through a resistor changes with change

in body temperature, then these kinds of resistors are called
Thermistors. If the flowing current through a resistor change
with the applied voltages, then it is called a Varistors or VDR
(Voltage Dependent Resistors).

Types of Non Linear Resistors.

1. Thermistors
2. Varistors (VDR)
3. Photo Resistor or Photo Conductive Cell or LDR
Termination and Mounting
Resistors come in one of two termination-types:
through-hole or surface-mount. These types of resistors are
usually abbreviated as either PTH (plated through-hole) or
SMD/SMT (surface-mount technology or device)
Decoding Resistor Markings
SMD (surface-mount technology ) resistors have their
own value-marking system

In the above example picture, resistors are marked 104,

105, 205, 751, and 754.
The resistor marked with 104 should be 100kΩ
(10x104), 105 would be 1MΩ (10x105), and 205 is 2MΩ
(20x105). 751 is 750Ω (75x101), and 754 is 750kΩ (75x104).
PTH (plated through-hole) resistors use a color-coding
system.
Resistors are marked by using different colored rings around
their body
• The first ring represents the first digit of the resistor’s
value.
• The second ring represents the second digit of the
resistor’s value.
• The third ring tells you the power of ten to multiply by.
• The final and fourth ring represents the tolerance.

For example, gold is for 5% resistors and silver for 10% resistors. This
means the value of the resistor is guaranteed to be within 5% or 10% of
the value marked.
 Resistor Color Code

A resistor's Temp
erature Coefficient
of Resistance
(TCR) tells how
much its value
changes as its
temperature
changes. It is
usually expressed
in ppm/°C (parts
per million per
degree
Centigrade) units.

The 4-band color code is E-24 series and 5-band color code is E-96 series
 Another Example:

The resistor has color bands of yellow and violet to begin -

which have digit values of 4 and 7 (47). The third band is red,
which indicates that the 47 should be multiplied by 102 (or
100). 47 times 100 is 4,700Ω (4.7kΩ). The fourth color is
gold, meaning the tolerance is -+5%.

Maximum Tolerance = 4,700 +(4,700 x .05) = 4,700 + 235 = 4935Ω

MinimumTolerance = 4,700 - (4,700 x .05) = 4,700 - 235 = 4465Ω
 ACTIVITY # ___
Given the different fixed resistors 4 color bands, compute
the coded value including the maximum and minimum
tolerance.
RESISTOR 1ST COLOR 2ND COLOR 3RD COLOR 4th COLOR CODED MAXIMUM MINIMUM
(MULTIPLIER) (TOLERANCE) VALUE TOLERANCE TOLERANCE

R1 Red Black Orange Gold

R2 Orange Orange Black Silver
R3 Red Red Red Blue
R4 White Yellow Violet Red
R5 Yellow Black Brown Violet
R6 Brown Violet Orange Green
R7 Violet Orange Brown Brown
R8 Gray Black Gold Gold
R9 Green Brown Red Gold
R10 Blue Black Yellow Silver
 ACTIVITY # ___
Given the different fixed resistors with 5 color bands,
compute the coded value + and - tolerance.

RESISTOR 1ST COLOR 2ND COLOR 3RD COLOR 4th COLOR 5th COLOR CODED VALUE
(MULTIPLIER) (TOLERANCE) WITH +/-
TOLERANCE

R1 Red Black Black Silver Silver

R2 Orange Orange Orange Gold Brown
R3 Violet Red Red Black Red
R4 Brown Yellow Yellow Red Gold
R5 Yellow Brown Brown Violet Blue
R6 Orange Violet Orange Green Green
R7 Brown Black Brown Brown Silver
R8 Gray Red Gray Orange Violet
R9 Green Brown Green Gold Gold
R10 Blue Brown Black Silver Silver
ACTIVITY # ___
Compute the coded value of resistance of the given the
SMD resistors.
SMD 1ST MULTIPLIER CODED VALUE CODED VALUE CODED VALUE
RESISTOR 2 DIGITS IN Ω IN KΩ IN MΩ
107
651
778
203
352
100
416
225
604
109
Series and Parallel Resistors
Resistors are paired together all the time in
electronics, usually in either a series or parallel
circuit. When resistors are combined in series or
parallel, they create a total resistance, which can be
calculated using one of two equations.

Series resistors
When connected in series resistor
values simply add up

Formula: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + etc..
Example: RT = R1 + R2
= 100Ω + 300Ω
= 400Ω
Parallel resistors
The total resistance of N resistors in
parallel is the inverse of the sum of all inverse
resistances.

Formula: RT = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + etc..)

Example: RT = 1 / (1/R1 + 1/R2 )
= 1 / (1/100Ω + 1/300Ω)
= 1 / (.01Ω + .00333Ω)
= 1/ .01333Ω
= 75Ω

If you have two parallel resistors of equal value the total

resistance is half of their value. For example, if two 10kΩ resistors are in
parallel, their total resistance is 5kΩ.
Resistor Networks
Complicated resistor networks can be simplified by
identifying series and parallel resistors within the larger
context of the circuit.

Strategy for simplifying a resistor network

1. Begin as far away as possible from the circuit location
in question.
2. Replace series or parallel resistors with their
equivalent resistor.
3. Continue, moving left until a single equivalent resistor
represents the entire resistor network.

Example:
 Solution:
Step 1. The shaded resistors 2Ω and 8Ω are in series. The
two resistors can be replaced by their equivalent resistance of
10Ω

Step 2. We now find two 10Ω resistors in parallel at the new

far right of the circuit. These two resistors can be replaced by
their parallel combination. The resulting equivalent resistor is
5Ω. Then 1Ω is now in series with 5Ω, resulting to 6Ω when
summing up
Step 3. The rightmost circuit is compose of a parallel resistors of 12, 4, and
6 ohms. When we compute the three may results of 2 ohms.

Computation:
1
RT = 1 1 1
12 4 6
RT = 1
.083 .25 .166

RT = 1
.499

RT = 2 Ω
Activity # ____.
Compute the value of resistors in a given circuit. Write the
computation beside each circuit.
Measuring the Resistor’s Value
The actual value of a resistor can be determine
through the use of Ohmmeter.

OPERATION AND APPLICATION OF OHMMETER:

1. Before taking an ohmmeter resistance

measurement, the position of the pointer should be
confirmed to be on zero of the top ohm-scale.
2. With the + and – COM terminals shorted together,
the pointer moving toward Zero-Ohm is adjusted by
turning the Zero-Ohm ADJ to the right or left in order
to place it exactly to zero at right.
3. The ohmmeter pointer must be adjusted each time
the ohmmeter range is moved.
OHMMETER READING:

1. When the VOM is set to its R x 1 position, we read

the scale directly.
2. If the instrument is operated on its R x 10 range,
we multiply the scale reading by 10.
3. We multiply the scale reading by 1,000 if the R x
1k is in use.
4. If the VOM is operated on its R x 10k range, we
multiply the scale reading by 10,000.
EXAMPLE 1

Scale Reading

Range Used

ACTUAL READING:

= Scale Reading x Range Used

= 5 X1
= 5 ohms
EXAMPLE 2

Scale Reading

Range Used

ACTUAL READING:

= Scale Reading x Range Used

= 20 X10
= 200 ohms
EXAMPLE 3

Scale Reading

Range Used

ACTUAL READING:

= Scale Reading x Range Used

= 200 X1,000
= 200,000 ohms OR 200KΩ
EXAMPLE 4

Scale Reading

Range Used

ACTUAL READING:

= Scale Reading x Range Used

= 100 X10K
= 1,000,000 ohms or 1MΩ
CONDITIONS OF RESISTOR
AFTER TESTING

1. Good. It means that the resistors value

corresponds to the measured value of ohmmeter.
2. Open. It means that the resistor has no
continuity from one terminal to another thereby
resulting the pointer of the VOM to remain in the
leftmost side or no deflection.
3. Shorted . It means that the resistor has
continuity or the VOM pointer deflect to the
rightmost side or in 0 value.
Activity # ___.
1. Using the color band table, compute the value of the 5
resistors in your board. Add another column if your
resistors is 5 band or 6 band color coded.
2. Using multi-tester, determine the value and condition of
the 5 resistors. Write your answers in the table below.
No. of 1st 2nd 3rd color 4th color Coded Range Measured Remarks
Resistor color color multiplier Tolerance Value used Value (Condition)
using VOM
1
2
3
4
5