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The Importance of Load Flow Studies

A brief description of different types of power buses, the load flow analysis and load flow problem.

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Talal Riaz
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416 views22 pages

The Importance of Load Flow Studies

A brief description of different types of power buses, the load flow analysis and load flow problem.

Uploaded by

Talal Riaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-26

A type of electrical
junction in which all
the incoming and
outgoing electrical
current meets.
Here are 3 buses
i.e. 1, 2 and 3–
each representing
a different region
(e.g. Power
Generation Units,
Grid Stations etc.
• The buses are
connected via
Transmission lines.

• Transmission lines
are represented by
impedances or
admittances (y).
Bus Type V 𝛿 P Q

Slack Known Known Unknown Unknown

PV/Generator/ Known Unknown Known Unknown


Voltage
Controlled
PQ/Load Unknown Unknown Known Known
 Only one slack bus in the system.

 Usually the one connected to the largest generator.

 By default, it is called Bus 1.

 Makes up for the complex losses S L


 Pi and Qi are known i.e. (Power demand PDi and QDi are estimated
through load forecasting, Power Generated PGi and QGi are
specified.)
 Vi and ∂ are unknown.

 Almost 85% buses are PQ.

 Load Bus is a special case of PQ, when it has no generating facility at


it.
 Load Flow analysis is the Bread n’ Butter of the
Power System.

 Gives us the pulse of the system.


To find the values of unknown variables in each bus.
 V - Voltages
 ∂ - phase angles of voltages
 P - Real power
 Q - Apparent Power
 Also Line Flows and Line losses
• At each bus i, there is a net complex power Si = Pi+jQi

• This net power is the difference between Power


Generated and Power Demanded in the same bus.
 Line admittance of Transmission Lines is
represented by Y ik.

 For short-lines (<100 km), Y ik is represented by


inductance and R is assumed to be very small.

 For medium lines, Y ik is presented by π impedance


model.
 This matrix represents all admittances from each
bus to all other buses.

 Preferred over Impedance Matrix because it’s a


sparse* Matrix.

* 90% of the entries are zero !


Here is a Bus
Admittance
Matrix for a
four-bus
system..
Y ii represents
the self-
admittance of
the line at bus i.
Y ik is the mutual
admittance between
buses i and k.
Sk* = Pk-jQk = Vk* x Ik

[I]=[Ybus][V] [ ] represents matrix

For kth row

Ik=Yk1V1+Yk2V2+….+YknVn
 Hence

 And
 Converting to Polar form, we get static load flow equations..
 Static load f low equations give:

“The values of net Real and Apparent Power in


the bus”
 T he Static Load Flow Equations are Non-

Linear Algebraic Equations due to the

product of two var iables .


1. Use assumptions to linearize the equations.. E.g. ( Losses ≈ 0, R ≈ 0 etc )

2. Solve iteratively:

A. Gauss-Seidel Method
B. Newton Raphson Method

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