MDG RELATED

STATISTICS
PRESENTED TO
STATISTICS SIERRA
LEONE
WITH SUPPORT FROM
SESRIC
BY: LYDIA TUHAISE
UGANDA BUREAU OF STATISTICS
BACKGROUND TO
STATISTICS
 Session Objectives
 To discuss the development and meaning of statistics

 To justify the importance of reliable and timely statistics

in planning

 To introduce some key statistical concepts

 Background to Statistics
 Meaning of statistics
 Development of statistics
 Major sources of statistics
 Uses of statistics
 Key statistical concepts
 Data types
 Data analysis
 Meaning of Statistics
1. The word statistics is used in either two senses.
 Commonly used to refer to data.
 Principles and methods which have been
developed for handling numerical data.

2. Statistics is defined as a branch of mathematics

or science that deals with the collection,
analysis and interpretation of numerical
information.
 Meaning of Statistics contd…
3. Statistics changes numbers into information.

4. Statistics is the art and science of deciding:

 what are the appropriate data to collect,
 deciding how to collect data efficiently
 using data to give information,
 using data to answer questions,
 using data to make decisions.
 Meaning of Statistics contd…
5. Statistics” are data obtained by collecting,
processing, compiling, analyzing, publishing
and disseminating results, gathered from
respondents through statistical collections or
from administrative data

6. Statistics is making decisions when there is

uncertainty.
 We have to make decisions all the time,
 in everyday life,
 as part of our jobs.
 Meaning of Statistics contd…
7. Statistics is a mathematical science pertaining
to the
 collection,
 analysis,
 interpretation or explanation, and
 presentation of data.
 Meaning of Statistics contd…
8. Statistics are used for making informed
decisions
 and misused for other reasons

9. Statistics is the science of learning from data.

 A Quote
“When you can measure what you are
speaking about and express it in numbers,
you know something about it; but when
you cannot measure it, when you cannot
express it in numbers, your knowledge is
of the meager and unsatisfactory kind’, -
Lord Kelvin (British physicist)
 Development of Statistics
The word statistics is believed to have been
derived from the word “states”. The
administration of states required the
collection and analysis of data of
population and wealth for the purpose of
war and finance.
Development of Statistics contd...
 Some concepts of statistics were developed by students
of games of chance, such games lean on probability.

 The fertile grounds for application and development of

statistical methods included; insurance, biology and
other natural sciences.

 To date, there is hardly any discipline which does not

find statistics useful. Economics, sociology, business,
agriculture, health and education; all lean heavily upon
statistics.
 Sources of data
1. Primary sources.
Censuses
Surveys
Experiments

The great advantage of such data is that the exact

information wanted is obtained.
Sources of data contd….
Secondary Sources.
Often data is picked from reports and
publications of researchers, institutions
and organizations. Such data is referred
to as secondary.
Uses of statistics
Statistics is a discipline which was developed to
extract relevant facts from a large body of
information and to help people make decisions
when uncertainty exists concerning the
information.
Statistics form the basis for planning. Statistics
provide information and data (facts and figures)
as an input for planning, monitoring and
evaluation of programmes.
Population (1948 - 2008)- million

29.6
24.2

16.7
12.6
9.5
6.5
5

1948 1959 1969 1980 1991 2002 2008

Poverty levels Po (%) Poverty Line
% of the population below the poverty line
US$1 per day
56 per adult
44
equivalent
38
34
31

1992 1997 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06

Overview on Data
Management
 Data management cycle
Design Enumerators collect
questionnaire data in the field

Design
survey Manual checking,
Conception editing etc.
Reporting of results

Data entered
Data onto computer
analysis

Computer data management

PLANNING THE SURVEY

 Identify the relevant Indicators

 Check to ensure the existence of an appropriate
Sampling Frame
 Choose the Sample Design [Methodology]
 Determine the Sample size and the associated
cost of the survey
 Train data collectors
 Determine how to collect, process, and analyse
the data
PLANNING THE SURVEY...Contd
 Determine the work-plan closely linking it
to the budget.
 Consider the financial, material, and

human resource available

 All these must be well perceived and well
arranged at this stage. A failure can derail the
survey.
 Data collection
 Data could be collected by:
 conducting a census
 conducting a sample survey
 use of administrative records
 conducting experiments
 observation
 and review of secondary sources
 STEPS IN DATA COLLECTION
 STEP 1
 Formulate the problem
 Develop objectives of data collection
 Plan, human resource, logistics, scheduling,
budgeting
 Discuss with stakeholders
STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION
…Contd
STEP 2
 Determine sources of information
 Define approach to data collection
 Identify concepts, definitions and classifications to
be used
STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION
…Contd
STEP 3:
 Determine techniques of data collection
 Determine best approach to data collection
STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION
…Contd
STEP 4:
 Prepare data collection forms
 Design data collection forms
STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION
…Contd
STEP 5:
 Pretest data collection instruments
 Collect some information to refine the questionnaire/
data collection form.
 Determine feasibility of obtaining data
STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION
…Contd
STEP 6:
 Finalise data collection forms
 Discuss final questionnaire/form with stakeholders
and reproduce questionnaires/forms
STEPS OF DATA COLLECTION
…Contd
STEP 7:
 Collect data
 Put in place a team of data collectors/ fieldworkers
 Train data collectors
 DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES
Data collection techniques allow us to
systematically collect information about our
objects of study; and about the setting in which
they occur.

Data collection techniques generate both

qualitative and quantitative data.
DATA COLLECTION … Contd
Qualitative techniques of data collection involve
the identification and exploration of a number of
related variables for in-depth understanding of
the phenomena.

Qualitative data is often recorded in a narrative

form.
DATA COLLECTION … Contd
Quantitative techniques of data collection are
used to generate quantifiable data.

Both qualitative and quantitative techniques are

often used in a single study, since the two
compliment each other.
 QUALITATIVE METHODS
 The qualitative methods most commonly used in
evaluation can be classified in three broad
categories:
 In-depth interview
 Observation methods
 Document review
 QUALITATIVE METHODS
…Contd

 These methods are characterized by the

following attributes:
 They tend to be open-ended and have less
structured protocols
 They rely more heavily on interactive

interviews;
QUALITATIVE METHODS
…Contd
 They use triangulation to increase the
credibility of their findings

 Generally, their findings are not

generalizable to any specific
population
SOME QUALITATIVE METHODS
 In-Depth interview
 Participant observation
 Direct observation
 Document/literature review
 QUANTITATIVE METHODS
 Typical quantitative data gathering strategies
include:
 Experiments/clinical trials.
 Observing and recording well-defined events (e.g.,
counting the number of patients waiting in
emergency at specified times of the day).
QUANTITATIVE METHODS
… Contd
 Obtaining relevant data from management
information systems.
 Administering surveys with closed-ended

questions
COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS
STEPS
 Cleaning and organizing the data for analysis
(Data Preparation)
 Describing the data (Descriptive Statistics)
 Testing Hypotheses and Models (Inferential
Statistics)
SOME STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
 Population
 Sample
 Parameter
 Statistic
 Variable
 Estimation
Data Types
DATA TYPES


 Qualitative Quantitative


 Nominal
Continuous

 Ordinal
Discrete


 Binary
 DATA PREPARATION
 Checking the data for completeness accuracy
 Preparing data entry screen
 Entering the data into the computer
 Transforming the data
 DATA PRESENTATTION AND
DESCRIPTION

 Used to describe the basic features of the data

in a study
 DATA PRESENTATION
 Graphical
 Histograms
 Bar charts
 Pie charts
 Error bars
 More….
 PRESENTATION … Contd
 Tabular
 Frequency tables
 Percentages
 TYPES OF STATICTICS
A- Descriptive statistics

B – Relational Statistics
 Univariate, bi-variate, and multi-variate analysis

C- Inferential statistics
 Branch of statistics devoted to making
generalizations.
 DATA DESCRIPTION
 They provide simple summaries about the
sample and the measures.
 Simply describing what is; what the data
shows
 DESCRIPTION … Contd
 Measures of Central Tendency

 Mean, median, mode

 Measures of Dispersion

 Variation
 HOW TO DESCRIBE DATA WELL

 Look at the oddities in the data and be

prepared to adapt the summaries you calculate
 Look at the data using tables and graphs
 Understand how to summarise the categorical
variables
 Understand how to summarise the numerical
variables
 Identify any structure in your data and use it to
summarise your data
 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 Investigate questions, models and
hypotheses.

 Confidence Intervals

 Hypothesis testing
THANK YOU