HYDRAULICS BASICS

MEDIUM HEAD SAFETY INJECTION PUMP FOR ACP1000 REACTOR

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 1) Physical properties of fluids
AGENDA 2) Volumetric flow rate
3) Pressure / Head notion
4) Head losses basics
5) Measurement units
6) Why using pumps?
7) Pump curves
8) Efficiency
9) Pump operation in the network
10) Affinity Laws
August 2, 2019
11) Appendix COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
 Physical properties of fluids

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Density ρ : in kg/m3, it is the weight of 1m3 of the studied fluid. The density of a fluid changes with the
temperature,

water
mercury

Specific gravity SG (no unit) : for liquid , specific gravity is the ratio between density of studied fluid and
density of water at 4°C. Specific gravity changes with temperature
ρ𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ρ𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆𝐺 = =
ρ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 4°𝐶 1000

Physical properties of fluids

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 4
 Dynamic viscosity μ : in Pa.s, it is the ability for a fluid
to flow without friction. The smaller μ is, the lesser the
friction is.
Note : for liquids, μ decreases when temperature rises

Kinematic viscosity ν : in m²/s, it is the ratio between

dynamic viscosity and density of studied fluid:
μ
𝒗=
ρ

Physical properties of fluids

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 5
 Vaporising pressure Vp: pressure for which a fluid changes from liquid to vapour phase (or the
opposite. Vp changes with temperature.

(ex: for water at 100°C, Vp = 1 atm ; in other words, at sea level (1 atm), the water boils at100°C)

P : 0,8 bar.a
Patm : 1 bar.a
Vp : 0,8 bar.a

Vp : 0,8 bar.a
Water 90°C Water 90°C

Physical properties of fluids

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 6
 Volumetric flow rate

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Volumetric flow rate:
Volumetric flow rate = Volum of fluid carried by time unit

surface S (flow area)

Flow area (m²)

Volumetric flow
Q  S V Fluid speed (m/s)

Rate (m3/s)

Volumetric flow rate

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 8
 For non compressible fluids (i;e: liquids), the volumetric flow rate is constant all along the
piping  The speed changes in function of the flow area.

8 m3/h 8 m3/h 8 m3/h

Liquid
2 m/s 0,5 m/s 1 m/s

Volumetric flow rate

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 9
 Pressure / Head notion

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Pressure
Wall of area S
Newton (N)
Notion of pressure
Force F
exerted by a force:
F
P m2
S
Pascals (Pa)

Atmospheric pressure: pressure exerted by the atmospheric air at any point of space

Example : opened water tank Patm

absolute Pressure = relative Pressure + Patm

Pressure / Head notion

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 11
 Pression et Head

What is the pressure in P point?

- Liquid volume: V=S*h en [m3]
- Liquid weight: m=V*ρ en [kg]
- Liquid weight load (gravity) : F=m*g en [N]
h - Pressure at point: P = F/S en [Pa]
𝑆∗ℎ∗ρ ∗𝑔
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃 =
𝑆

𝑷[𝒃𝒂𝒓] × 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐
P 𝑷=𝝆×𝒈×𝒉 𝒉[𝒎] =
𝑺𝑮
S : tube area [m²]
ρ : fluid density [kg/m3]

Pressure / Head notion

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 12
 Hydrostatic pressure = pressure created by a liquid column

Patm Hydrostatic pressure created Patm

by the liquid Head

Prel = 0,2 bar.g Prel = 2,6 bar.g

Pabsolute = Prel+Patm
Pabs = 3,6 bar.a
=1,2 bar.a

2m
2m

6m
6m

0,6 bar.g Prel = 7,9 bar.g

Water (20°C: d=1) Mercury (20°C: Pabs= 8,9 bar.a

Pabsolute = 1,6 bar.a d=13,5)

Pressure / Head notion

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 13
 With a closed tanks: With a closed a pressurized tank:
Hydrostatic pressure N2 PN2=0,8bar.g
created by the liquid Head
Hydrostatic pressure
created by the liquid Head
Absolute Pressure
in the closed tank Pressurization

Pabs-Patm = Prel Prel= 0,15 + 0,8

= 0,55 bar.g PN2=1,8bar.a = 0,95 bar.g
Pv=1,4 bar.a
Pabs = 0,15 + 1,4 Pabs = 0,95 + Patm
= 1,55 bar.a = 0,15 + 1,8 = 1,95 bar.a
2m

2m
6m

6m
Pabs-Patm = 0,95 bar.g Prel=0,45+0,8=1,25 bar.g
Gasoline Gasoline
(20°C: d=0,75 &
Pabs = 0,45+1,4
(20°C: d=0,75 &
Tv=1,4bar) = 1,95 bar.a Tv=1,4bar) Pabs = 2,25 bar.a

Pressure / Head notion

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 14
 Static, dynamic and total Head

V2
Dynamic Head
2g
Total Head =
Static Head + Dynamic Head

Static Head H stat

V : fluid speed (m/s)

Static Head (m) : Hstat Dynamic Head (m) = V2/2g

Pressure / Head notion

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 15
 Head losses basics

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Real fluid flow : between two points A (upstream) and B (downstream) of a pipe, there is a
difference in total pressure (or total Head), called Head LOSS. It is expressed in Pascals (or
in metres).

diserence plan

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 17
 REGULAR HEAD LOSSES viscous friction of the fluid
Head Loss due to

fluid friction along the walls

It is expressed by
To be determined on
Colebrook Diagram (cf. appendix)

λ Coefficient of friction  f(viscosity of the fluid , roughness)

2
L V V Velocity of the fluid in the pipe m/s
ΔhR  λ L Length of the pipe m
D Hydraulic diameter of flow m (for a cylinder, D  D)
Dh 2 g h h

Flow and

λ  0.02
roughness
in m For low viscosity liquids
geométry flow (ex : water in straight pipes)

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 18
 REGULAR Head Losses:

Impact on the head

Parameters Change in parameter
losses

Piping Length L

Piping Diameter D

Piping Roughness

Flow speed V

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 19
 SINGULAR (one time) HEAD LOSSES
Various obstacles (reduction or increase of
sections, valves, elbows, screes…)
Loss of head due to

Distrubance in flow: vortex, boundary layer

It is expressed by …

V2 K Coef. of singular head loss [without unit]

Δh S  K V Speed of fluid in the piping [m/s]
2g
K depends on the kind of obstacle
in m (see appendix K for different values)
Remark: When expressed in Pa, the one-time loss of head is written as:
V2 ρV 2
ΔPS  ρ  g  Δh s  ρ  g  K K
2g 2

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 20
 Summary: REGULAR head losses
(caused by the rubbing of fluid on the piping and on itself)
𝐿 𝑉2
∆ℎ𝑟 = 𝜆 × 𝐷 × 2×𝑔
𝐻

+
SINGULAR Head Losses
(caused by obstacles ( pipe bend, valves, …) and disturbances)
𝑉2
∆ℎ𝑠 = 𝐾 × 2×𝑔

=
TOTAL Head Losses
The head losses are linked to the fluid speed and the installation configuration (liquid,
geometrie, equipments, …: ∆ℎ = 𝐾 × 𝑉 2
 For a fixed installation: ∆ℎ = 𝐾 × 𝑄 2

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 21
 Tank level is maintained
Tank level is maintained

Tuyau 1 Tuyau 2
hr = 20 m hr = 20 m
A A
Diameter of Piping 1 : D1= 10 cm Diameter of piping 2: D2= 10 cm
Diamter of Piping 1: L1= 300 m Diamter of piping 2: L2= 900 m
B C

 Pour chaque tuyau, exprimer la perte de charge régulière ΔhR en fonction de la vitesse
 Pour différents Flow rates (10 m3/h à 100 m3/h), calculer ΔhR pour chaque tuyau
Tracer ΔhR1 et ΔhR2 en fonction du Flow rate

L V2
Remember : Δh R  λ D 2 g
h
with λ  0.02

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 22
 300 V² ΔhR1  3.05x V²
ΔhR1  0.02 x x
L V² 0.1 2 x 9.81
ΔhR  λ
D 2g ΔhR 2  3  ΔhR1 Q
Et, V  (attention, Qv en m3/s !)
S

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 23
 Flow rate Velocity piping 1 & 2
[m3/h] [m/s] Piping 1 Head Losses [m] Piping 2 Head Losses [m]
0 0.00 0.0 0.0
10 0.35 0.4 1.1
20 0.71 1.5 4.6
30 1.06 3.4 10.3
40 1.41 6.1 18.3
50 1.77 9.5 28.6
60 2.12 13.7 41.2
70 2.48 18.7 56.1
80 2.83 24.4 73.3
90 3.18 30.9 92.7
100 3.54 38.2 114.5

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 24
 A

Network curves
70

60
hr = 20 m
Head Losses (m)

50

Tuyau 1
40
Tuyau 2
At any flow rate:
Δh R 1 < Δh R 2
30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 43 50 60 7073 80
The reservoir B fills faster
Flow rate (m3/h) than C, since the flow rate in
the pipe 1 is higher than
With 20m available head, we have : QV 2 < QV that in pipe 2
1

Head losses basics

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 25
 Measurement units

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Parameter IS units US units Imperial Units (UK) Conversion
Igpm
Main unit: m3/s USgpm 1 Usgpm = 0.227 m3/h
Flow rate (Imperial Gallon Per
Others: m3/h, l/s (US Gallon Per Minute) 1 Igpm = 0.273 m3/h
minute)
Main unit : Pa psi
1 psi = 6894,8 Pa
Pressure Others: bar, kgf/cm², (Pound per Square psi
1 bar = 1.105 Pa
mmHg Inch)
Head m ft (foot) ft 1 ft = 0.3048 m
Main unit: W 1 HP = 746 W (Syst Imp)
Power HP (HorsePower) HP (HorsePower)
Others : ch 1 ch = 736 W (Syst Métri)
Dynamic cP
Pa.s cP 1 cP = 1.10-3 Pa.s
Viscosity (Centipoise)
Kinematic
m²/s cSt (centistoke) cSt 1 cSt = 1.10-6 m²/s
viscosity

Measurement units
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 28
 Why using pumps?

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

Transfert between 2 tanks, without elevation in height
Steady level

Δh  2 m

A
Diamètre : 16 cm
Longueur : 200 m

Question : B

Show that a 144m3/h flowrate the piping is not possible wihtout any pump
L V2
Rappel Δh R  λ
Dh 2 g
λ  0.02
Why using pumps?
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 30
Let’s calculate head loss in the piping for a flow rate of 144m3/h:

Qv  144 m3/h Qv  0.04 m3/s

L V2
Q Or : Δhrég  λ
V  v  2 m/s 40
  D2 S D 2g
S S  0.02 m2
4

Δh rég
40  5.1 m
At 144 m3/h, head losses > available head (2m)

Without a pump, 144 m3/h FLOW RATE IS NOT ACHIEVABLE !

Why using pumps?

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 31
 With a pump: we are given energy to the fluid (head) and a flow.

Hpump is called TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD (TDH)

TDH  (H -H )  Δh
tot 2 tot 1 1 2
Head to be given
By the pump Geometric heigh difference between 1 & 2 Head losses between 1&2

Why using pumps?

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 32
 Pump curves

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Pump type:
DVMX (BB3) Ødis 6’’ x Øsuc 8’’ x Øroue 11’’ hydraulic « E » - 8 stages

Operating conditions

Performance curves (Q-H and efficiency)

Additional curves (power on the shaft et NPSH)

Manufacturer extra data

Pump curves
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 34
 Impeller diameter: Q-H curve at
Øimpeller max

Q-H curve at
Øimpeller
Efficiency curve selected

Q-H curve at
Øimpeller mini

Rated point
(500m3/h@900m)

Pump curves
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 35
 Pdisfered
Area below operating range
minimum flow
(forbidden
operating range)

Allowable operating range

BEP
(Best Efficiency Point)

Qmaxi
Qmini
70% QBEP QBEP 120% QBEP
Pump curves
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 36
 Power curve (absorbed by the pump)

NPSH Curve

Pump curves
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 37
 Efficiency

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Pelectic Pshaft Phydraulic
Motor Pump

ηmotor ηpump

Hydraulic Power supplied by the pump to the liquid :

𝑄 𝑚3
𝑇𝐷𝐻 𝑚 ×𝑆𝐺×105 ℎ
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐[𝑊] = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝[𝑃𝑎] × 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚3 = ×
[ ] 10.2 3600
𝑠

Pump efficiency:
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐
𝜂𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = With 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑃𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 × 𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑃𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡

Efficiency
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 39
 Pump operation in the network

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Head
losses
Height TDH
(geometric Head losses
Height (geometric
head)
head)
kQ2
Operating point: Network curves
230m3/h @ 1040m

TDH = Total Dynamic Head

Operating point:
= Head geo (height) + Head losses
430m3/h @ 960m
= Hdischarge - Hsuction

Pump operation in the network

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 41
 Head
losses
Height
(geometric Head losses
head) Height
kQ2 (geometric head)

η=64%
P=900kW
NPSHr=3m
Note: the head given by the pump is not linked η=79%
to the medium specific gravity. However, the P=1240kW
specific gravity changes the power. NPSHr=5,8m

Pump operation in the network

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 42
 Bases d’hydraulique – GN2
H2 H dis
In-line pumps:
H suc H1
Q
Pumps 2
Q Pumps 1

In-line pumps
Head

Head Head H1 + H2

Pump 1 Pump 2
H2
+ =
H1 H2

H1

Q Flow rate Q Flow rate Q Flow rate

Pump operation in the network – Several pumps

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 43
 200 Q-H curves / In-line association
H
190 = 175 m
1803
In-line association
170
at 40 m3/h :
160 Pump 1
150 Pump 2
140
Network head loss  H1 = 95 m
130
120
 H2 = 80 m
TDH [m]

110
H1
100 = 95 m
90
80 H3  175m
70
60
H
502 = 80 m
40
30
20
H3 is the head given by pumps
10 1&2 associated in line.
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Qv [m/h]

Q v2 Q v1 Q vin -line association

Pump operation in the network – Several pumps
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 44
 Bases d’hydraulique – GN2
H suc H dis
Pumps in parallel:
Pump 1 H dis
H suc Q1
Q
Q H suc H dis
Pump 2
Q2
Head Head Head
Pump 1 Pump 2 Pumps in parallel

H + H = H
Q1 Q2

Flow rate
Q1 Flow rate Q2 Flow rate Q1 + Q2

Pump operation in the network – Several pumps

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 45
 QvA
120
Association in parallel of 2 identical pumps
110 P1 P2
100
90 Pump1 Qv2
80 2 x Pump 1 in parallel QvB
Network head loss
70
TDH [m]

60
at 80 m :
 QvA = QvB = 75 m3/h
50
40
30 Q v2  150 m 3 /h
20
10
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
Qv [m3/h] Qv2 is the given flow by
associating 2 pumps 1
Q v for one pump Q v parallel association in parallel
46

Pump operation in the network – Several pumps

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019
 Hazardous operating area

120
Association in parallel of two different pumps QvA
110

100
P1 P2
Pump 1
90
Network head loss
80 Pump 2 Qv2
Parallel association
70
QvB
TDH [m]

60

50

40

30

20
 Pressure regulating valves (ARV)
10 have to be installed at each pumps
0 discharges
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Qv [m3/h]

Pump operation in the network – Several pumps

COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 47
 Affinity Laws

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Modification of impeller diameter D:
2
Q1  D1 
Flow rate :  
Q0  D0 
2
H1  D1 
Head: 
H0  D0 
4
P1  D1 
Power: 
P0  D0 
(For first approximation)

There's no formula to determine NPSH. diser to OEM curves. Usually, NPSHr increases when impeller
diameter decreases. This is particularly true for impellers with high Ns (axial flow).

Affinity laws
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 49
 Variation of speed of rotation N:
Q1  N1 
Flow rate :  
Q0  N 0 
2
H1  N1 
Head: 
H0  N0 
3 Supposing that rotation speed doesn’t affect efficiency. In fact,
P1  N1 
Power: 
P0  N0 
efficiency slightly increases when speed of rotation increases.

2
NPSHr 1  N1  This equation is not exact but gives a good approximation of
NPSHr: 
NPSHr 0  N0  the influence of speed of rotation on NPSHr.

Affinity laws
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 50
 Rotation
speed
increase

Affinity laws
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 51
 Appendix

August 2, 2019 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL

 Appendix
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 53
 Colebrook diagram, explanation of concepts:
• Reynolds number: Flow velocity [m/s]
Hydraulic diameter[m]

ρ V Dh V Dh
Re  
μ  Kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
Reynolds number [adim]
Dynamic viscosity [Pa.s]
• Relative Roughness:

ε Average roughness of piping [m]

D Piping diameter[m]

• Hydraulic diameter:
4S Area of flow [m²]
Dh 
Hydraulic diameter [m] p Wetted perimeter [m]

Appendix
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 54
 • Laminar / Turbulent flow:

Laminar flow = regular flow , without any disturbance

Re  2000 Laminar flow

 Turbulent flow = disturbed, chaotic flow

Re  3000 Turbulent flow

2000  R e  3000 Transient flow

Appendix
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 55
 Appendix
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 56
 Appendix
COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL August 2, 2019 57