SEXUALLY

TRANSMITTED
DISEASES
 CHLAMYDIA

Chlamydia, also called as “Chlamydia

Trachomatis”, is a bacterium that can
replicate only in human cells.
 CHLAMYDIA
It is one of the most common STDs you can get
from sexual contacts with another person. Close to
3 million Americans get it every year, most
commonly among 14-24-year-olds.

Rates of reported cases among men are generally

lower than rates among women.
CHLAMYDIA

Chlamydia (Oral infection)

CHLAMYDIA

Chlamydia (Genital infection)

CHLAMYDIA

Chlamydia (Eye infection)

HOW DO YOU GET CHLAMYDIA?

• Chlamydia is spread through vaginal, anal and

oral sex.

• It can also be passed to a baby during birth.

• Chlamydia isn’t spread through casual contact.

 SIGNS OF CHLAMYDIA
• Pain or burning while • Bleeding between periods
peeing

• Pus or a watery /milky

• Pain during sex discharge from the penis

• Lower belly pain • Pain and/or bleeding

around the anus

• Abnormal vaginal discharge

(maybe yellowish or have a
strong smell)
 TREATMENT
• Can be easily cleared up with antibiotics

• After taking antibiotics, you should be retested

after three months to be sure that you no longer
have the infection.

• If the case is severe, you may be required to

undergo hospitalization, intravenous antibiotics
and pain medicine.
 PREVENTION

• Use condom each time you have sexual

intercourse

• Limit number of sexual partners or consider

practicing abstinence
 GONORRHEA

sometimes called “the clap” or “the drip”

GONORRHEA
 GONORRHEA
It is a common bacterial infection that is
easily cured with antibiotic medicine.

It’s sexually transmitted mostly affecting teens and

people in their 20s.

Most people with Gonorrhea don’t have symptoms.

HOW DO YOU GET GONORRHEA?

• It is spread through vaginal, anal and oral sex

• Having unprotected sex

• It can also be passed to a baby during birth.

 SIGNS OF GONORRHEA
• Pain or burning while peeing • Bleeding between periods

• Yellow, white or green • Itching in or around your anus

discharge from the penis

• Pain or swelling in your • Discharge from your anus

testicles

• Abnormal vaginal discharge • Pain when you poop

(maybe yellowish or have a
strong smell)
 TREATMENT

• Can be easily cleared up with antibiotics

• After taking antibiotics, you should be retested

after three months to be sure that you no longer
have the infection.
 PREVENTION

• Use condom each time you have sexual

intercourse

• Limit number of sexual partners or consider

practicing abstinence
 SYPHILIS

is a common bacterial infection that’s spread

through sex. Syphilis is easily cured with
antibiotic medicine, but it can cause permanent
damage if you don’t get treated.
SYPHILIS
 SYPHILIS
• A lot of people with syphilis don’t notice the sores and
feel totally fine, so they might not know they have it.
 PRIMARY SYPHILIS
• The first sign of syphilis is a small sore, called a chancre
(SHANG-kur).

• The sore appears at the spot where the bacteria entered

your body.

• The chancre usually develops about three weeks after

exposure. Many people who have syphilis don't notice the
chancre because it's usually painless, and it may be hidden
within the vagina or rectum.

• The chancre will heal on its own within three to six weeks.
SECONDARY SYPHILIS
• Within a few weeks of the original chancre healing, you
may experience a rash that begins on your trunk but
eventually covers your entire body.

• This rash is usually not itchy and may be accompanied

by wart-like sores in the mouth or genital area.

• These signs and symptoms may disappear within a few

weeks or repeatedly come and go for as long as a
year.
 LATENT SYPHILIS
• If you aren't treated for syphilis, the disease
moves from the secondary to the latent
(hidden) stage, where you have no symptoms.

• Signs and symptoms may never return, or the

disease may progress to the tertiary (third)
stage.

• The latent stage can last for years.

 TERTIARY SYPHILIS
• About 15 to 30 percent of people infected with
syphilis who don't get treatment will develop
complications known as tertiary (late) syphilis.

• In the late stages, the disease may damage

your brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels,
liver, bones and joints.
CONGENITAL SYPHILIS
• Babies born to women who have syphilis can become
infected through the placenta or during birth.

• Most newborns with congenital syphilis have no

symptoms, although some experience a rash on the
palms of their hands and the soles of their feet.

• Later symptoms may include deafness, teeth

deformities and saddle nose — where the bridge of the
nose collapses.
HOW DO YOU GET SYPHILIS?
• Syphilis is spread from sexual skin-to-skin contact with
someone who has it. You get it when
your vulva, vagina, penis, anus, or mouth touches
someone’s syphilis sores — usually during sex.
HOW IS SYPHILIS DIAGNOSED?
• Syphilis can be easily diagnosed with a quick and
inexpensive blood test given at your doctor's office or at
a public health clinic.
 TREATMENT
• Syphilis can be easily cured with medication if
you treat it early.

• But without treatment, it leads to really serious,

permanent problems like brain damage,
paralysis, and blindness.
 PREVENTION
• You can help prevent syphilis by using condoms
and/or dental dams every time you have sex.

• Abstain or be monogamous.

• Avoid recreational drugs.

 CHRANCROID

Caused by the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. It

attacks tissue in the genital area and produces
an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a
chancroid or ulcer.
CHRANCROID
CHRANCROID
 SIGNS OF CHRANCROID
Women Men

• Women may develop four or • Men may notice a small, red

more red bumps on the labia, bump on their genitals that
between the labia and anus, or may change to an open sore
on the thighs. within a day or two.

• a burning or painful sensation

during urination or bowel
movements.
 SIGNS OF CHRANCROID
Additional symptoms in men and women

• Pain may occur during sexual intercourse or while

urinating.

• The ulcers have a soft center that’s gray to yellowish-

gray with defined, or sharp, edges and may bleed easily
if touched.

• Swelling in the groin, which is where the lower abdomen

and thigh meet, may occur.
 TREATMENT
• Chancroid may be successfully treated with
medication or surgery.
 PREVENTION
• You can avoid getting this disease by using condoms
during sexual contact.

• limiting the number of sexual partners and practicing

safe sex

• avoiding high-risk activities that may lead to getting

chancroid or other sexually transmitted infections
 HUMAN
PAPILLOMAVIRUS

Human Papillomavirus is the most common

sexually transmitted infection.
 HUMAN
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
 HUMAN
PAPILLOMAVIRUS
• There are more than 200 types of human papillomavirus
(HPV).

• HPV is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but

some types can lead to cancer or genital warts.
▫ Types 6 and 11cause most cases of genital warts.
▫ Types 16 and 18 lead to the majority of cancer cases.
 HOW IS HPV SPREAD?

• Having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone

who has the virus.

• Anyone who is sexually active can get HPV,

even if you have had sex with only one person.
 TREATMENT
• Genital warts can be treated with prescription
medications, burning with an electrical current,
or freezing with liquid nitrogen.

• Cancers that develop from HPV may be treated by methods

such as chemotherapy , radiation therapy, or surgery.

• Vaccines can help protect you from ever getting certain types
of HPV.

• Condoms and dental dams don’t offer perfect protection, but

can help lower your chances of getting HPV.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS

The herpes simplex virus, also known as HSV,

is an infection that causes herpes.
 TWO TYPES OF THE HERPES
SIMPLEX VIRUS.
HSV-1 HSV-2

causes oral herpes, and is primarily causes genital

generally responsible for herpes, and is generally
cold sores and fever responsible for genital
blisters around the mouth herpes outbreaks.
and on the face.
 TWO TYPES OF THE HERPES
SIMPLEX VIRUS.
HSV-1
 TWO TYPES OF THE HERPES
SIMPLEX VIRUS.
HSV-2
 TWO TYPES OF THE HERPES
SIMPLEX VIRUS.
HSV-1 can be contracted HSV-2 is contracted
from general through forms of sexual
interactions such as: contact with a person
who has HSV-2.
• eating from the same utensils

• sharing lip balm

• kissing
 SIGNS OF HSV
• blistering sores (in the mouth or on the genitals)

• pain during urination (genital herpes)

• itching
 TREATMENT
• Medications

• Injection
 PREVENTION
• Although there is no cure for herpes, you can take
measures to avoid contracting the virus, or to prevent
transmitting HSV to another person.
 PREVENTION
If you’re experiencing an outbreak of HSV-1:

• Try to avoid direct physical contact with other people.

• Don’t share any items that can pass the virus around, such as cups,
towels, silverware, clothing, makeup, or lip balm.

• Don’t participate in oral sex, kissing, or any other type of sexual

activity during an outbreak.

• Wash your hands thoroughly and apply medication with cotton

swabs to reduce contact with sores.
 PREVENTION
If you’re experiencing an outbreak of HSV-2:

• avoid any type of sexual activity with other people during an

outbreak.
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

Trichomoniasis is a common sexually

transmitted protozoal infection that travels
from person to person through genital
contact during sex.
TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS
 SIGNS OF TRICHOMONAS
VAGINALIS
Women Men
• vaginal discharge, which can be • discharge from the urethra
white, gray, yellow, or green,
and usually frothy with an • burning during urination or after
unpleasant smell asejaculation

• vaginal spotting or bleeding • an urge to urinate frequently

• genital burning or itching

• genital redness or swelling

• frequent urge to urinate

• pain during urination or sexual

intercourse
 TREATMENT
• Trichomoniasis can be cured with antibiotics.
 NATURAL AND
ARTIFICIAL
METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
 NATURAL
METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
WHAT ARE NATURAL METHODS
OF CONTRACEPTION?

The natural family planning methods do no involve any

chemical or foreign body introduction into the human
body. People who are very conscious of their religious
belief are much more inclined to use the natural way of
birth control and others follow natural methods because
they are cost-effective.
ABSTINENCE
CALENDAR METHOD
 CALENDAR METHOD
(Rhythm Method)
The calendar method helps you predict your fertile
days by tracking the length of your menstrual
cycles over several months.

Ovulation - happens when your ovaries release

an egg. It occurs approximately once per month,
about 12 to 16 days after menstruation. The
specific day on which you ovulate depends on
your cycle length. This is largely controlled by
fluctuations in your sex hormone levels.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
What is BBT?

Your basal body temperature is your

temperature when you’re at complete rest.
Your basal body temperature changes based on
a number of factors, including your hormones.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
• When you ovulate, the hormone progesterone causes
your temp to rise. It remains higher throughout the two-
week wait.

• Then, just before your period starts, the hormone

progesterone drops. This means your basal body
temperature will drop too—unless you’re pregnant, in
which case your temperatures will remain higher
because progesterone will stay high.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
• When you ovulate, the hormone progesterone causes your temp
to rise. It remains higher throughout the two-week wait.

• Then, just before your period starts, the hormone progesterone

drops. This means your basal body temperature will drop too—
unless you’re pregnant, in which case your temperatures will
remain higher because progesterone will stay high.

• To know what your basal temp is, you must take your temperature
in the morning before you get out of bed or move around.
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
• You can use a basal body temperature (BBT) to
conceive faster by determining your most fertile days.

• Your gynecologist or reproductive endocrinologist may

recommend charting to help detect when ovulation is
happening or to get a better idea of your menstrual
cycle patterns.
 ADVANTAGES OF CHARTING
Charting can help you: • Charting can help you:

• Figure out when you tend to ovulate • Time sex for pregnancy
every month
• Help you help your doctor—you can
• Detect possible fertility problems, show her your charts, and she can
including problems with ovulation or use that information when making a
your luteal phase (that's the time diagnosis
between ovulation and your
expected period). • Detect early signs of pregnancy...
maybe!
CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD
(Billings Ovulation Method)

The change in the cervival mucus during ovulation

is the basis for this method. Your cervical mucus
changes in color, texture, and amount during
your menstrual cycle. During ovulation, the
cervical mucus is copious, thin, and watery.

It exhibits the property of spinnbarkeit.

WHAT CAN CAUSE CHANGES TO
CERVICAL MUCUS?
• Breastfeeding • Using hormonal birth
control (including the
• Surgery on your cervix morning-after pill)

• Douching • Sexually Transmitted

Disease
• Early menopause
• Vaginitis
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
What is the symptothermal method?

The symptothermal method is a means of natural

family planning that involves abstaining from sexual
intercourse on days that a women is fertile, or capable
of getting pregnant.
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
How does the symptothermal method work?

• To use the symptothermal method, a woman needs to learn

about her body's natural fertility signs and also take her
temperature every morning. Daily temperature readings are
performed using a basal thermometer.

• This level of precision is necessary to detect the slight

temperature increase that marks the end of the fertile period.
SYMPTOTHERMAL METHOD
How does the symptothermal method work?

• The woman keeps a chart where she records her daily

temperature and also other body signs that indicate when
ovulation will occur.

• Other body signs include cervical mucus consistency, cervical

position, mid-cycle cramping, and mood.

• To use this method, couples should receive training from a

certified natural family planning instructor.
 OVULATION DETECTION

Ovulation test strips are urine-based tests that you use at home to
detect impending ovulation. They work by detecting the hormone
LH.1 Sometimes they are called OPKs, ovulation predictor kits, or
simply ovulation tests.
OVULATION DETECTION

Ovulation Predictor Kit (OPK)

 OVULATION DETECTION

When you buy an ovulation test kit, it comes with several tests strips
(narrow thin papers), or they may look more like pregnancy test
sticks. You either pee on the extended tip of the pregnancy-test-
like version, or you pee in a cup and then carefully dip the test strip
into your urine.

The results can tell you if you might be ovulating soon.

COITUS INTERRUPTUS
 ARTIFICIAL
METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Oral contraceptives, also called birth control pills,

are a safe and reliable option for preventing
unwanted pregnancy.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
TRANSDERMAL PATCH
 TRANSDERMAL PATCH
The transdermal contraceptive patch is a safe,
simple, and affordable birth control method that
you wear on the skin of your belly, upper arm,
butt, or back.

 Put a new patch on every week for 3 weeks, and it releases

hormones that prevent pregnancy. Then you get a week off before
you repeat the cycle.
 VAGINAL RING
(NUVA RING)

The vaginal contraceptive ring is a flexible,

transparent plastic ring.
 VAGINAL RING
(NUVA RING)

• It’s placed in the vagina where it releases two hormones

– estrogen and progestogen.

• The hormones in the ring are absorbed into the

bloodstream from the walls of the vagina and prevent
pregnancy by keeping the ovaries from releasing eggs.

• The hormones also cause cervical mucus to thicken,

which keeps sperm from meeting and fertilizing an egg.
VAGINAL RING
(NUVA RING)
SUBDERMAL IMPLANT
 SUBDERMAL IMPLANT

Subdermal implants are two rod-like implants

inserted under the skin of the female during her
menstruation on the seventh day of her
menstruation to make sure that she will not get
pregnant.
HORMONAL INJECTION
 HORMONAL INJECTION

The contraceptive injection is a shot that contains

hormones, either a progestin alone, or a
progestin and an estrogen together, that stop
your body from releasing eggs and thickens the
mucus at the cervix.
INTRAURINE DEVICE
(IUD)
 INTRAURINE DEVICE
(IUD)

It releases copper to stop you getting pregnant

and protects against pregnancy for between 5 to
10 years. The copper alters the cervical mucus,
which makes it more difficult for sperm to reach
an egg and survive. It can also stop a fertilized
egg from being able to implant itself.
 INTRAURINE DEVICE
(IUD)
Disadvantages:

• There is a slight risk of acquiring uterine

infection.

• Your period may become heavier and painful.

 CHEMICAL BARRIERS

Chemical barriers or spermicides are sperm-killing

substances, available as foams, creams, gels,
films or suppositories, which are often used in
female contraception in conjunction with
mechanical barriers and other devices.

 Spermicides are usually available without a prescription or medical

examination.
CHEMICAL BARRIERS
 DIAPHRAGM

A diaphragm is a shallow, bendable cup that you put inside

your vagina. It covers your cervix during sex to prevent
pregnancy.
 DIAPHRAGM
In order for a diaphragm to work best, it must be used with
spermicide. The diaphragm keeps the spermicide in
place, near your cervix.
 CERVICAL CUP
Cervical cap is a little cup made from soft silicone and
shaped like a sailor’s hat.
 CERVICAL CAP
• You put it deep inside your vagina to cover your cervix.

• It covers your cervix, stopping sperm from joining an egg.

• In order for a cervical cap to work best, it must be used with

spermicide.

• Some people prefer non-hormonal birth control, or can’t use

methods with hormones because of medical problems —
cervical caps can be a good option for them.
 CERVICAL CAP
HOW SAFE ARE CERVICAL CAPS?

• You’re not comfortable putting your fingers in your vagina

• You gave birth or had an abortion in the last 6 weeks

• You’re sensitive or allergic to silicone or spermicide

• Don’t use during period. It could increase your risk of infection.

 MALE CONDOM

The male condom is one of the most widely used barrier

methods in the world.
 MALE CONDOM

In Ethiopia, it has perhaps been the only barrier method

ever known and used.
FEMALE CONDOMS
(INTERNAL CONDOMS)
FEMALE CONDOMS
(INTERNAL CONDOMS)
 FEMALE CONDOMS
(INTERNAL CONDOMS)

A barrier-type of contraceptive that is

inserted into the vagina prior to having
sex.

Female condoms protect against unintended pregnancy

and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Female condoms are often made of polyurethane or

nitrile, which is safe to use for people who are allergic to
latex.
 SURGICAL METHODS
TUBAL LIGATION (FEMALE)

A surgical procedure for female sterilization in which the

fallopian tubes are permanently blocked or removed.
This prevents the fertilization of eggs by sperm and thus
the implantation of a fertilized egg.

Also known as getting your "tubes tied“.

 SURGICAL METHODS
TUBAL LIGATION (FEMALE)
 SURGICAL METHODS
Vasectomy (MALE)

A minor surgery to block sperm from reaching the semen

that is ejaculated from the penis. Semen still exists, but it
has no sperm in it.
 SURGICAL METHODS
Vasectomy (MALE)