MICROBIAL

INFECTION
Genitourinary System
BACTERIAL

 GONORRHEA
 Definition
 A bacterial infection that is transmitted by sexual contact.
 Gonorrhea is an infection caused by a sexually transmitted bacterium that infects both males
and females. Gonorrhea most often affects the urethra, rectum or throat. In females, gonorrhea
can also infect the cervix.
 Gonorrhea is most commonly spread during vaginal, oral or anal sex. But babies of infected
mothers can be infected during childbirth. In babies, gonorrhea most commonly affects the
eyes.
 Causative agent:
 Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The gonorrhea bacteria are most
often passed from one person to another during sexual contact, including oral, anal or vaginal
intercourse.
 Incubation period :
 The incubation period, the time from exposure to the bacteria until symptoms develop, is
usually 2 to 5 days. But sometimes symptoms may not develop for up to 30 days. Gonorrhea
may not cause symptoms until the infection has spread to other areas of the body.

 Mode of transmission :
 Gonorrhea is passed from one person to another by contact with body fluids containing the
bacteria during unprotected oral, anal, and vaginal sex
 Sign and symptoms :
 For women

 * creased vaginal discharge

 * Painful urination

 * Vaginal bleeding between periods, such as after vaginal intercourse

 * Abdominal or pelvic pain

 For men

 * Painful urination
 * Pus-like discharge from the tip of the penis

 * Pain or swelling in one testicle

 Diagnosis :
 Urine or fluid from the infected area will be tested for gonorrhea. You may also be tested for other
sexually transmitted infections (STIs) at the same time. Testing can be done with a Pap test.
 As soon as you find out you have gonorrhea, be sure to let your sex partners know. Experts
recommend that you notify everyone you've had sex with in the past 60 days. If you have not had
sex in the past 60 days, contact the last person you had sex with.
 Treatment :
 Antibiotics are used to treat gonorrhea. It's important to take all of the medicine as directed.
Otherwise the medicine may not work. Both sex partners need treatment to keep from passing
the infection back and forth. Getting treatment as soon as possible helps prevent the spread of
the infection and lowers your risk for other problems, such as pelvic inflammatory disease.

 Management :
 * Use a condom every time you have sex. Latex and polyurethane condoms keep out the
viruses and bacteria that cause STIs.
 * Don't have more than one sex partner at a time. The safest sex is with one partner who has
sex only with you. Every time you add a new sex partner, you are being exposed to all of the
diseases that all of that person's partners may have.
 * Be responsible. Don't have sex if you have symptoms of an infection or if you are being
treated for an STI.
 Non-Gonorrheal Urethritis
 is an inflammation of the urethra that is not caused by gonorrheal infection.

 Causative Agent :
 The most common bacterial cause of NGU is Chlamydia trachomatis, but it can also be caused
by Ureaplasma urealyticum, Haemophilus vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma
hominis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Ac. calcoclaceticus and E. coli.

 Incubation Period :
 7–21 days, compared to 2–5 days for gonorrhoea.
 Mode of Transmission :
 During unprotected (without a condom) vaginal, anal or oral sex, organisms (tiny living cells)
which cause inflammation can pass into the urethra (tube that carries urine out of the body).
NGU can occur in anyone who has a penis and is sexually active, although not all cases are
caused by having sex.

 Vaccine :
 no vaccines

 Signs and Symptoms :

 a white or cloudy discharge from the tip of your penis
 a burning or painful sensation when you pee
 the tip of your penis feeling irritated and sore
 In women, NGU rarely causes any symptoms
 Diagnosis :
 a swab test – a sample of fluid is taken from your urethra using a swab, which is like a small
cotton bud. The swab may have a small plastic loop or cotton tip at the end; it's not painful,
but can feel a little uncomfortable for a few seconds
 a urine test – you'll be asked not to pee for at least 2 hours before providing a urine sample as
this can help make the test results more reliable

 Treatment :
 NGU is usually treated with antibiotics, which kill the germs that are causing the infection.
The antibiotics most commonly used to treat NGU are doxycycline, which is taken twice a day
for a week, or macrolide antibiotics, such as azithromycin, given as a single dose.
 Syphilis
 is a bacterial infection usually spread by sexual contact. The disease starts as a painless sore —
typically on your genitals, rectum or mouth. Syphilis spreads from person to person via skin or
mucous membrane contact with these sores.

 Causative Agent :
 bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
 Incubation Period :
 average time between infection with syphilis and the start of the first symptom is 21 days, but
can range from 10 to 90 days. Syphilis blood test results will be negative during this time.

 Mode of Transmission :
 Syphilis is transmitted from person to person by direct contact with a syphilitic sore, known as
a chancre. Chancres can occur on or around the external genitals, in the vagina, around the
anus , or in the rectum, or in or around the mouth. Transmission of syphilis can occur during
vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

 Vaccine :
 No vaccine
 Signs And Symptoms :
 Syphilis develops in stages, and symptoms vary with each stage. But the stages may overlap,
and symptoms don't always occur in the same order. You may be infected with syphilis and not
notice any symptoms for years.

 Primary syphilis
 The first sign of syphilis is a small sore, called a chancre (SHANG-kur). The sore appears at
the spot where the bacteria entered your body. While most people infected with syphilis
develop only one chancre, some people develop several of them.

 The chancre usually develops about three weeks after exposure. Many people who have
syphilis don't notice the chancre because it's usually painless, and it may be hidden within the
vagina or rectum. The chancre will heal on its own within three to six weeks.
 Secondary syphilis
 Within a few weeks of the original chancre healing, you may experience a rash that begins on your
trunk but eventually covers your entire body — even the palms of your hands and the soles of your
feet. This rash is usually not itchy and may be accompanied by wartlike sores in your mouth or
genital area. Some people also experience hair loss, muscle aches, a fever, a sore throat and swollen
lymph nodes. These signs and symptoms may disappear within a few weeks or repeatedly come and
go for as long as a year.

 Latent syphilis

 If you aren't treated for syphilis, the disease moves from the secondary stage to the hidden (latent)
stage, when you have no symptoms. The latent stage can last for years. Signs and symptoms may
never return, or the disease may progress to the third (tertiary) stage.

 Tertiary syphilis
 About 15% to 30% of people infected with syphilis who don't get treatment will develop
complications known as late (tertiary) syphilis. In the late stage, the disease may damage your brain,
nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones and joints. These problems may occur many years
after the original, untreated infection.
 Neurosyphilis
 At any stage, syphilis can spread and, among other damage, cause damage to the brain and
nervous system (neurosyphilis) and the eye (ocular syphilis).

 Congenital syphilis
 Babies born to women who have syphilis can become infected through the placenta or during
birth. Most newborns with congenital syphilis have no symptoms, although some experience a
rash on the palms of their hands and the soles of their feet. Later signs and symptoms may
include deafness, teeth deformities and saddle nose — where the bridge of the nose collapses.

 However, babies born with syphilis can also be born too early, be born dead (stillborn) or die
after birth.
 Vaginosis
 Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an abnormal vaginal condition that is characterized by vaginal
discharge and results from an overgrowth of atypical bacteria in the vagina. It is not a true
bacterial infection but rather an imbalance of the bacteria that are normally present in the
vagina.

 Causative Agent :
 Gardnerella vaginalis is found in vaginal flora of women with bacterial vaginitis as well as in
healthy women, while anaerobic bacteria such as Mobiluncus and Prevotella are the causative
agents for bacterial vaginosis.
 Incubation Period :
 on average 4-7 days, with a range of 3-10 days) which may help distinguish it from other
causes of genital ulcer disease.

 Mode of Transmission :
 BV is linked to an imbalance of “good” and “harmful” bacteria that are normally found in a
woman's vagina. Having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners, as well as douching, can
upset the balance of bacteria in the vagina.
 Vaccine :
 Gynevac-a vaccine, containing lactobacillus for therapy and prevention of bacterial vaginosis
and related diseases. ... Prophylactic immunization with Gynevac, a Hungarian patented
vaccine with 5 inactivated strains of Lactobacilli might be a good alternative for prevention of
the abovementioned complications.

 Signs and Symptoms :

 Thin, gray, white or green vaginal discharge.
 Foul-smelling "fishy" vaginal odor.
 Vaginal itching.
 Burning during urination.
 Diagnosis :
 vaginal secretions under a microscope, looking for "clue cells," vaginal cells covered with
bacteria that are a sign of bacterial vaginosis. Test your vaginal pH. Your doctor may check the
acidity of your vagina by placing a pH test strip in your vagina.

 Treatment :
 Metronidazole (Flagyl, Metrogel-Vaginal, others). This medicine may be taken as a pill by
mouth (orally). Metronidazole is also available as a topical gel that you insert into your vagina.
To reduce the risk of stomach upset, abdominal pain or nausea while using this medication,
avoid alcohol during treatment and for at least one day after completing treatment — check the
instructions on the product.
 Clindamycin (Cleocin, Clindesse, others). This medicine is available as a cream that you insert
into your vagina. Clindamycin cream may weaken latex condoms during treatment and for at
least three days after you stop using the cream.
 Tinidazole (Tindamax). This medication is taken orally. Tinidazole has the same potential for
stomach upset and nausea as oral metronidazole does, so avoid alcohol during treatment and
for at least three days after completing treatment.
VIRAL
 Genital Warts
 are soft growths that appear on the genitals. They can cause pain, discomfort, and itching.
Genital warts a sexually transmitted infection (STI)

 Causative agent :
 venereal warts or condylomata acuminata. They are caused by the human papillomavirus
(HPV)
 Incubation Period :
 2 to 3 months, with a range of 1 to 20 months for genital warts. It can take up to 10 years for a
high-risk HPV infection to develop into cancer.

 Mode of Transmission :
 Genital warts can spread from one person to another during vaginal or anal sex. The virus can
be spread by skin to skin contact so it can be passed on by close genital contact. ... Warts can
be easily spread from the genital area to the area around the anus without having anal sex.

 Vaccine :
 The Gardasil vaccine has also received FDA approval for prevention of genital warts. The
vaccine is recommended for optional use in boys and men. The vaccine is used in girls and
boys and young adults ages 9 to 26 for prevention of genital warts caused by HPV types 6 and
11.
 Signs and Symptoms :

 In women, genital warts can grow on the vulva, the walls of the vagina, the area between the
external genitals and the anus, the anal canal, and the cervix. In men, they may occur on the tip or
shaft of the penis, the scrotum, or the anus.

 Genital warts can also develop in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sexual contact
with an infected person.

 The signs and symptoms of genital warts include:

 Small, flesh-colored, brown or pink swellings in your genital area

 A cauliflower-like shape caused by several warts close together
 Itching or discomfort in your genital area
 Bleeding with intercourse
 Genital warts can be so small and flat as to be invisible. Rarely, however, genital warts can
multiply into large clusters, in someone with a supressed immune system.
 Diagnosis :
 PAP test For women,
 it's important to have regular pelvic exams and Pap tests, which can help detect vaginal and
cervical changes caused by genital warts or the early signs of cervical cancer.
 During a Pap test, your doctor uses a device called a speculum to hold open your vagina and
see the passage between your vagina and your uterus (cervix). He or she will then use a long-
handled tool to collect a small sample of cells from the cervix. The cells are examined with a
microscope for abnormalities
 HPV test
 Only a few types of genital HPV have been linked to cervical cancer. A sample of cervical
cells, taken during a Pap test, can be tested for these cancer-causing HPV strains.

 This test is generally reserved for women ages 30 and older. It isn't as useful for younger
women because for them, HPV usually goes away without treatment.
 Treatment :
 Genital wart treatments that can be applied directly to your skin include:
 Imiquimod (Aldara, Zyclara). This cream appears to boost your immune system's ability to
fight genital warts. ...
 Podophyllin and podofilox (Condylox). ...
 Trichloroacetic acid. ...
 Sinecatechins (Veregen).
 Herpes
 is an infection caused by HSV (herpes simplex virus). This virus affects the external genitalia,
anal region, mucosal surfaces, and skin in other parts of the body. Herpes is a long-term
condition. However, many people never have symptoms even though they are carrying the
virus.

 Causative Agent :
 Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the dominant primary causative agent in genital
ulcerative infections. Since infections with HSV-2 usually are acquired through sexual
contacts, antibodies are rarely found before the age of onset of sexual activity.
 Incubation Period :
 When symptoms do occur, herpes lesions typically appear as one or more vesicles, or small
blisters, on or around the genitals, rectum or mouth. The average incubation period for an
initial herpes infection is 4 days (range, 2 to 12) after exposure.

 Mode of Transmission :
 The herpes simplex virus, or herpes, is categorized into 2 types: herpes simplex virus type 1
(HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
 HSV-1 is mainly transmitted by oral-to-oral contact to cause oral herpes (which can include
symptoms known as “cold sores”), but can also cause genital herpes.
 HSV-2 is a sexually transmitted infection that causes genital herpes.

 Vaccines :
 Developing the vaccine
 Signs and Symptoms :

 Most people infected with HSV don't know they have it because they don't have any signs or
symptoms or because their signs and symptoms are so mild.

 When present, symptoms may begin about two to 12 days after exposure to the virus. If you
experience symptoms of genital herpes, they may include:

 Pain or itching. You may experience pain and tenderness in your genital area until the infection
clears.
 Small red bumps or tiny white blisters. These may appear a few days to a few weeks after
infection.
 Ulcers. These may form when blisters rupture and ooze or bleed. Ulcers may make it painful to
urinate.
 Scabs. Skin will crust over and form scabs as ulcers heal.
 Diagnosis :
 Your doctor usually can diagnose genital herpes based on a physical exam and the results of
certain laboratory tests:

 Viral culture. This test involves taking a tissue sample or scraping of the sores for examination
in the laboratory.
 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. PCR is used to copy your DNA from a sample of your
blood, tissue from a sore or spinal fluid. The DNA can then be tested to establish the presence
of HSV and determine which type of HSV you have.
 Blood test. This test analyzes a sample of your blood for the presence of HSV antibodies to
detect a past herpes infection.
 Treatment :
 There's no cure for genital herpes. Treatment with prescription antiviral medications may:

 Help sores heal sooner during an initial outbreak

 Lessen the severity and duration of symptoms in recurrent outbreaks
 Reduce the frequency of recurrence
 Minimize the chance of transmitting the herpes virus to another
 Antiviral medications used for genital herpes include:

 Acyclovir (Zovirax)
 Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
 Your doctor may recommend that you take the medicine only when you have symptoms of an
outbreak or that you take a certain medication daily, even when you have no signs of an
outbreak. These medications are usually well-tolerated, with few side effects.
FUNGAL

 Candidiasis
 is a fungal infection due to any type of Candida (a type of yeast). When it affects the mouth,
in some countries it is commonly called thrush. Signs and symptoms include white patches on
the tongue or other areas of the mouth and throat. Other symptoms may include soreness and
problems swallowing.

 Causative Agent :
 Yeast like fungus Candida albicans, is ubiquitous and needs only favourable conditions in the
mouth and a weakened host to flourish.
 Incubation Period :
 The incubation period for oral thrush is about two to five days.

 Mode of Transmission :
 Transmission. Candida albicans is usually transmitted from mother to infant through
childbirth, and remains as part of a normal human's microflora. The overgrowth of C. albicans
leads to symptoms of disease, and it occurs when there are imbalances – for example, changes
in the normal acidity of the vagina.

 Vaccine :
 The fungal immunotherapeutic vaccine NDV-3A may be safe and highly effective when
administered to women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC), according to a study
recently published in Clinical Infectious Diseases.May 23, 2018
 Signs And Symptoms :
 Itching and irritation in the vagina and vulva.
 A burning sensation, especially during intercourse or while urinating.
 Redness and swelling of the vulva.
 Vaginal pain and soreness.
 Vaginal rash.
 Thick, white, odor-free vaginal discharge with a cottage cheese appearance.
 Watery vaginal discharge.
 Diagnosis :
 Diagnostic tests for candidiasis include the following: ... Genitourinary candidiasis - A
urinalysis should be performed; evidence of white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells
(RBCs), protein, and yeast cells is common; urine fungal cultures are useful. Gastrointestinal
candidiasis - Endoscopy with or without biopsy.

 Treatment :
 Mild or moderate genital Candida infections can be treated with a short course of an over-the-
counter (OTC) or prescription antifungal cream, pill, or suppository. You could also be
prescribed a single dose of an oral antifungal medication, such as fluconazole.
 Tineacruris
 Jock itch (tinea cruris) is a fungal infection that causes a red and itchy rash in warm and moist
areas of the body. The rash often affects the groin and inner thighs and may be shaped like a
ring. Jock itch gets its name because it's common in athletes. It's also common in people who
sweat a lot or who are overweight.

 Causative Agent :
 Trichophyton rubrum and Epidermophyton floccosum; less commonly Trichophyton
mentagrophytes and Trichophyton verrucosum are involved.
 Incubation period :
 The incubation period varies depending on the type of ringworm. The incubation period for
Tinea capitis is 10 to 14 days, Tinea corporis and Tinea cruris is 4 to 10 days, and the
incubation for Tinea pedis is unknown.

 Mode of Transmission :
 Tinea cruris is a contagious infection transmitted by fomites, such as contaminated towels or
hotel bedroom sheets, or by autoinoculation from a reservoir on the hands or feet (tinea
manuum, tinea pedis, tinea unguium).
 Mode of Transmission :
 Tinea cruris is a contagious infection transmitted by fomites, such as contaminated towels or hotel
bedroom sheets, or by autoinoculation from a reservoir on the hands or feet (tinea manuum, tinea pedis,
tinea unguium).

 Vaccine :
 No vaccine

 Signs and Symptoms :

 redness.
 persistent itching.
 burning sensation.
 flaking, peeling, or cracking skin.
 rash that gets worse with exercise or activity.
 changes in skin color.
 rash that doesn't improve or worsens, or spreads with over-the-counter hydrocortisone (anti-itch) cream.
 Diagnosis :
 Your doctor can often diagnose jock itch by looking at the rash. If the diagnosis isn't clear-cut,
your doctor may take skin scrapings or samples from the infected area for study under a
microscope.

 Treatment :
 For mild jock itch, your doctor may suggest first using an over-the-counter antifungal
ointment, lotion, powder or spray. Apply the medication as your doctor recommends for one to
two weeks even if the rash clears up quickly.

 If you also have athlete's foot, it's usually treated at the same time as jock itch to reduce the
risk of the rash coming back. Severe jock itch or a rash that doesn't improve with over-the-
counter medicine may need prescription-strength creams, ointments or pills.
PARASITIC
 Trichomoniasis
 is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a
protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.

 Causative Agent :
 Trichomonas vaginalis
 Incubation Period :
 Trichomoniasis is caused by a one-celled protozoan, a type of tiny parasite that travels
between people during sexual intercourse. The incubation period between exposure and
infection is unknown, but it's thought to range from five to 28 days.

 Mode of transmission :
 Trichomonas vaginalis is typically transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an
infected individual. It can also be passed from a mother to her baby at birth, as evidenced by
the discovery of the parasite in the newborn's lungs.

 Vaccine :
 No vaccine
 Signs And Symptoms :
 vaginal discharge, which can be white, gray, yellow, or green, and usually frothy with an unpleasant smell.
 vaginal spotting or bleeding.
 genital burning or itching.
 genital redness or swelling.
 frequent urge to urinate.
 pain during urination or sexual intercourse.

 Diagnosis :
 Diagnosis. The diagnosis of trichomoniasis can be confirmed by looking at a sample of vaginal fluid for
women or urine for men under a microscope. Growing a culture used to be the way to diagnose
trichomoniasis, but newer, faster tests, such as rapid antigen tests and nucleic acid amplification, are more
common now.

 Treatment :
 The most common treatment for trichomoniasis, even for pregnant women, is to swallow one megadose of
either metronidazole (Flagyl) or tinidazole (Tindamax). In some cases, your doctor might recommend a
lower dose of metronidazole two times a day for seven days.
 E. Histolytica Infection
 Entamoeba histolytica Infection. Amebiasis is a disease caused by the parasite Entamoeba
histolytica. It can affect anyone, although it is more common in people who live in tropical
areas with poor sanitary conditions.

 Causative agent :
 Entamoeba histolytica, which has an infective cyst stage and a pathogenic and motile
trophozoite stage. The clinical presentation can vary from an asymptomatic carrier state to
fulminant colitis and colonic perforation.
 Incubation Period :
 E histolytica infection is commonly 2-4 weeks but may range from a few days to years. The
clinical spectrum of amebiasis ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminant colitis and
peritonitis to extraintestinal amebiasis, the most common form of which is amebic liver
abscess.

 Mode Of transmission :
 Transmission can occur through fecal-oral route (ingestion of food and water, contaminated
with feces containing E. histolytica cysts)1-3 8. ... Person-person transmission occurs through
fecal-oral-route under conditions of poor hygiene (45 million cysts are passed in the stool
daily)

 Vaccine :
 No Vaccine
 Signs and Symptoms :
 The symptoms are often quite mild and can include loose feces (poop), stomach pain, and
stomach cramping. Amebic dysentery is a severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach
pain, bloody stools (poop), and fever. Rarely, E. histolytica invades the liver and forms an
abscess (a collection of pus).

 Diagnosis :
 A single stool examination has a low sensitivity of detecting the parasite (129). The best
diagnostic method is detection of E. histolytica antigen or DNA in stool (78, 79). Clinical
diagnosis of amebiasis is difficult because of the nonspecific nature of symptoms.

 Treatment :
 Metronidazole, tinidazole and ornidazole were compared in patients treated for Entamoeba
histolytica or Giardia lamblia intestinal infections
 Pediculosis
 is an infestation of the hairy parts of the body or clothing with the eggs, larvae or adults of
lice. The crawling stages of this insect feed on human blood, which can result in severe
itching. Head lice are usually located on the scalp, crab lice in the pubic area and body lice
along seams of clothing.

 Causative Agent :
 Pediculosis is infestation with the human head-and-body louse, Pediculus humanus. There are
two subspecies, the head louse (P. h. capitis) and the body louse

 Incubation Period :
 The life cycle consists of three stages: egg, nymph and adult. The eggs are known as nits and
hatch in 7–10 days. There are three nymphal forms that each last 1–8 days.
 Mode of transmission :
 Pediculosis is transmitted through direct head-to-head contact with a person with head lice.
Nymphal and adult lice usually die within 24 hours of being stranded away from the head. There is
no significant risk of transmission from the environment.

 Vaccine :
 No vaccine

 Signs and Symptoms :

 A ticklish feeling on the scalp or neck.
 An itchy scalp (the result of an allergic reaction to the bug's saliva).
 Small red bumps on the scalp, neck and shoulders.
 The presence of lice on the scalp.
 The presence of nits (lice eggs) on shafts of hair.
 Difficulty sleeping, which can lead to irritability.
 Diagnosis :
 The diagnosis of pediculosis is best made by finding a live nymph or adult louse on the scalp or
in the hair of a person. Finding numerous nits within 6 mm of the scalp is highly suggestive of
active infestation.

 Treatment :
 Permethrin 1% It was introduced for the first time in the year 1986 as a scheduled topical agent.
...
 Malathion 0.5% ...
 Lindane 1% ...
 Permethrin 5% (Permite) ...
 Crotamiton 10% ...
 Oral ivermectin. ...
 Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. ...
 Benzyl alcohol 5%
 Scabies
 is a skin infestation caused by a mite known as the Sarcoptes scabiei. Untreated, these
microscopic mites can live on your skin for months. They reproduce on the surface of your
skin and then burrow into it and lay eggs. This causes an itchy, red rash to form on the skin.

 Causative Agent :
 is a skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which is a parasite that burrows into,
resides and reproduces in human skin. It affects people of all ages, but the elderly or people
with weakened immunity are more susceptible.
 Incubation Period :
 It may take 2–6 weeks before itching occurs in a person not previously exposed to scabies.
Symptoms develop much more quickly if a person is re-exposed, often within 1–4 days. The
incubation period may be shorter if infestation is acquired from a person with crusted
(Norwegian) scabies.

 Mode of transmission :
 Scabies is transmitted: primarily via skin contact with an infected person (e.g. sex partners,
children playing, healthcare providers) less commonly via contact with towels, bedclothes and
undergarments, if these have been contaminated by infested people within the previous 4–5
days

 Vaccine :
 No Vaccine
 Signs and symptoms :
 Itching, often severe and usually worse at night. Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny
blisters or bumps on your skin.

 Diagnosis :
 To diagnose scabies, your doctor examines your skin, looking for signs of mites, including the
characteristic burrows. When your doctor locates a mite burrow, he or she may take a scraping
from that area of your skin to examine under a microscope.

 Treatment :
 The 2 most widely used treatments for scabies are permethrin cream and malathion lotion
(brand name Derbac M). Both medications contain insecticides that kill the scabies mite.
Permethrin 5% cream is usually recommended as the first treatment. Malathion 0.5% lotion is
used if permethrin is ineffective.