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The APA Format in Citing and Referencing Sources

The document provides information on citing and referencing sources using APA format. It discusses the differences between citations and references, with citations telling readers where information came from within a paper and references providing details about the source so readers can find it. The document also covers topics like plagiarism, paraphrasing versus summarizing, and how to format citations and references for different source types like books, journal articles, and web pages according to APA style.

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Vivien Facun
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112 views27 pages

The APA Format in Citing and Referencing Sources

The document provides information on citing and referencing sources using APA format. It discusses the differences between citations and references, with citations telling readers where information came from within a paper and references providing details about the source so readers can find it. The document also covers topics like plagiarism, paraphrasing versus summarizing, and how to format citations and references for different source types like books, journal articles, and web pages according to APA style.

Uploaded by

Vivien Facun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The APA Format in Citing and

Referencing Sources
Citation and Referencing
► Although the water economies of a number of species of
amphibians have been studied, the majority of these
investigations have been interspecific in nature (Smith et
al. 1998). Such studies have often sought to elucidate
adaptive differences among species (Schmid 1965,
Ralin and Rogers 1972, Gillis 1979). Although
developmental stages of amphibians often occupy
different habitats, corresponding changes in
ecophysiological parameters have been relatively
unstudied.
► Gillis, R. 1979. Adaptive differences in the water economies
of two species of leopard frogs from eastern Colorado. Journal
of Herpetology 13:445-450.

► Ralin, D.B. and J.S. Rogers. 1972. Aspects of tolerance to


desiccation in Acris crepitans and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia
1972: 519-525.

► Schmid, W.D. 1965. Some aspects of the water economies of


nine species of amphibians. Ecology 46:261-269.

► Smith, J.W., D. Pettus and D.W. Hoppe. 1998. One hundred


years of amphibian water economy studies: what have we
learned? American Zoologist 66:124-198.
CITATION REFERENCE
► A citation tells the readers ► A reference gives the
where the information readers details about the
came from. In your source so that they have a
writing, you cite or refer good understanding of
to the source of what kind of source it is
information. and could find the source
themselves if necessary.
The references are
typically listed at the end
of the research.
Citation and Referencing

►APA
• Citations reflect the careful and thorough
work you have put into locating and
exploring your sources.

• Citations are a courtesy to the reader,


who may share your interest in a
particular area of scholarship.

“Integrity and Responsibility”

PLAGIARISM
What is Plagiarism? *Plagiarius

•“Plagiarism” is the theft


of words, phrases,
sentence structures,
ideas, or opinions.”
When does it occur?
• Plagiarism occurs when any
such information is taken from
any source or person and--
intentionally or unintentionally--
presented or "borrowed" without
mention of the source.
• Plagiarism also occurs when
materials from cited sources are
reproduced exactly or nearly
exactly but are not put in
quotation marks.
How to Avoid Plagiarism

The best way to avoid plagiarism is to learn how to use a


citation style (like APA) and then apply it consistently in all
your work.
When to give your source. . .
You must acknowledge in your paper the source of
• A direct quotation
• A statistic
• An idea
• Someone else’s opinion
• Concrete facts not considered “common
knowledge”
• Information not commonly known
• Information taken online
• Illustrations, photographs, or charts – if not yours
Source:
Silverman, Jay, Elaine Hughes, and Diana Roberts Weinbroer. Rules of Thumb: A Guide for
Writers. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002.
Sources
GENERAL RULE:

• Ideally, no more than 25 percent


of your paper should be direct
quotations

• Paraphrase as much as you can

• Use direct quotations when citing


a statistic or original theory

• Use author's words if they capture


a point exactly
TURNITIN
When to Paraphrase or Summarize
You must still acknowledge your
source if you…
Paraphrase:
• Put someone else’s ideas into
your own words
Summarize:
• Condense someone else’s
words or ideas
Why APA?

• This is the most common format


for documenting sources.

• This format is widely used for


course papers and journal articles in
Psychology and also in the social
sciences, education, engineering,
and business.
BOOK
► The author’s last name. Comma.
► The author’s first initial. Period. Don’t include the person’s title
or degree. If there are multiple authors, list each the same way.
Place & before the final one. If there are more than six authors,
list only the first six, then write et al.
► The year of publication in parenthesis. This will be found on the
reverse of the title page in most books. Period.
► The book’s title (and subtitle if any) in italics. Capitalize only the
first word of the title (and subtitle if any). Place a colon between
the title and subtitle if there is one. Period. The city where the
book was published. Don’t include the state unless the city is
somewhat obscure. Colon.
► The name of the publisher.
► End the reference with a period.
Example:
Opiniano, G. (2014). Philosophy and Simone de Beauvoir. Manila:
PLM Publishing House.
What is APA In-Text Citations
The in-text citation for a book contains the
author’s last name, comma, the year of
publication. If you are quoting directly from
the book, also include the page number as
shown in the example below.

(Smith, 2008) or (Smith, 2008, p. 3)

If there are multiple authors, list up to five.


Place an & before the final one. If there are six,
list only the first and write et al after it.

parenthetical reference system


JOURNAL
► The author’s last name. Comma.
► The author’s first initial. Period. If there are multiple authors, list each the same
way. Place & before the final one. If there are more than six authors, list only the
first six, then write et al.
► The year of publication in parenthesis. Period. The title of the article. Capitalize
only the first word of the title (and subtitle if any). Place a colon between the title
and subtitle, if there is one. Period.
► The name of the journal in italics. Capitalize every important word. Comma.
► The volume number in italics. This will be found on the journal pages or in the
information you get from the database.
► The issue number in parenthesis. Also found on the journal pages or in the
information you get from the database. Comma.
► The page numbers on which the article appears. Found on the journal pages on in
the information you get from the database.
► End the reference with a period.

EXAMPLE
Brown, J. (2009). A study of the use of APA style citations by college
students. Journal of the Citation Society, 15(7), 20-28.
►The in-text citation for a journal
article contains the author’s last name,
comma, the year of publication. If you are
quoting directly from the article, also
include the page number as shown in the
example below.
Example:
(Brown, 2008) or (Brown, 2008, p. 21)
Web page or document from a website.
► The author’s last name. Comma. (If the page lists no author, begin with
the title, then the date, then the rest of the reference as shown below.)
You can also use the sponsoring organization as the author. See the
example below.
► The author’s first initial. Period. If there are multiple authors, list each the
same way. Place & before the final one.
► The date of publication in parenthesis. Year first, then month, then day, or
just the year if that’s all the site shows. Don’t abbreviate the month.
Period. If you can’t locate a date, place n.d. in parenthesis. This stands for
“no date.”
► The title of the article in italics. Capitalize only the first word of the title
(and subtitle if any). Place a colon between the title and subtitle, if there is
one. Period.
► The words “Retrieved from” and the web address.
► Do NOT end the reference with a period.

Example:
Opiniano, G. (2014, January 12). Why APA citation is important. Retrieved
from http://www.weloveapa.com/importance.html
► The in-text citation for a web page contains the
author’s last name, comma, the year of
publication or n.d. if there is none. You may also
choose to include the author’s name in the
sentence and place the year in the parenthesis.

Example:

According to the American Psychological


Association, “APA Style has been adapted by many
disciplines and is used by writers around the world”
(2009).
REMEMBER
APA requires double-spacing
between ALL text lines – that
includes references.

First line of an entry is indented,


second and subsequent lines are
flush with the left margin
*Please note that, in an attempt to save space, this guide has been formatted in single spacing.
TASK
►Assume the
following details:
● 2013
● New York
● Routledge
Publishing
Correct Answer

Chapman, G. (2013). The 5 love languages:


The secret to love that lasts. New York: Routledge
Publishing House.
Journal Reference

Caister, K., Green, M., & Worth, S. (2011, August 4). Learning
how to be participatory: An emergent research data. Sage publications,
10(1), p.22-39.

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