Models of Corporate Governance
Models of Corporate Governance
CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
NEED OF DIFFERENT
MODELS
O Corporate governance systems may vary
around the world. In some cases cg
focuses upon relationship between
shareholders and company , in some cases
on formal board structures and yet others
on social responsibilities of corporations.
O No one model is universally accepted in
all situations, so we need different models
in different scenarios.
MODELS:
1) ANGLO AMERICAN MODEL
2) GERMAN MODEL
3) JAPANESE MODEL
4) INDIAN MODEL
ANGLOAMERICAN MODEL
O This model is also known as anglosaxon
, single tier model.
O It is used in u.s.a , canada, uk , and
various commonwealth countries.
O The shareholders appoint directors who
in turn appoint the managers to manage
the business.
O There is seperation of ownership and
control.
O The board usually consists of executive
directors a few independent directors. The
board often has limited ownership stake.
O A single person holds the position of C.E.O
and chairman of the company.
O The system relies on effective
communication between shareholders,
board and management with all important
decisions taken after getting approval of
shareholders.
Key Players in the AngloUS Model
O Players in the AngloUS model include management, directors, shareholders
(especially institutional investors), government agencies, stock exchanges, self
regulatory organizations and consulting firms which advise corporations and/or
shareholders on corporate governance and proxy voting. Of these, the three major
players are management, directors and shareholders. They form what is commonly
referred to as the "corporate governance triangle." The interests and interaction of
these players may be diagrammed as follows: The AngloUS model, developed within
the context of the free market economy, assumes the separation of ownership and
control in most publiclyheld corporations.
O This important legal distinction serves a valuable business and social purpose:
investors contribute capital and maintain ownership in the enterprise, while generally
avoiding legal liability for the acts of the corporation. Investors avoid legal liability by
ceding to management control of the corporation, and paying management for acting
as their agent by undertaking the affairs of the corporation. The cost of this separation
of ownership and control is defined as “agency costs”. The interests of shareholders
and management may not always coincide. Laws governing corporations in countries
using the AngloUS model attempt to reconcile this conflict in several ways. Most
importantly, they prescribe the election of a board of directors by shareholders and
require that boards act as fiduciaries for shareholders’ interests by overseeing
management on behalf of shareholders.
Share Ownership Pattern in
the AngloUS Model
O In both the UK and the US, there has been a marked
shift of stock ownership during the postwar period from
individual shareholders to institutional shareholders.
In 1990, institutional investors held approximately 61
percent of the shares of UK corporations, and
individuals held approximately 21 percent. (In 1981,
individuals held 38 percent.) In 1990, institutions held
53.3 percent of the shares of US corporations.2 The
increase in ownership by institutions has resulted in
their increasing influence. In turn, this has triggered
regulatory changes designed to facilitate their interests
and interaction in the corporate governance process
Composition of the Board of
Directors in the AngloUS Model
O The board of directors of most corporations that follow the AngloUS model includes
both “insiders” and “outsiders”. An “insider” is as a person who is either employed by
the corporation (an executive, manager or employee) or who has significant personal
or business relationships with corporate management. An “outsider” is a person or
institution which has no direct relationship with the corporation or corporate
management.
O A synonym for insider is executive director; a synonym for outsider is nonexecutive
director or independent director.
O Traditionally, the same person has served as both chairman of the board of directors
and chief executive officer (CEO) of the corporation. In many instances, this practice
led to abuses, including: concentration of power in the hands of one person (for
example, a board of directors firmly controlled by one person serving both as chairman
of the board of directors and CEO); concentration of power in a small group of persons
(for example, a board of directors composed solely of “insiders”; management and/or
the board of directors’ attempts to retain power over a long period of time, without
regard for the interests of other players (entrenchment); and the board of directors’
flagrant disregard for the interests of outside shareholders.
flowchart
elect
Board of director
shareholders stakeholders
(supervisors)
Appoints and supervises
Office
managers
manage
The base of the figure, with four connecting lines, represents the linked
interests of the four key players: government, management, bank and keiretsu.
The open lines at the top represent the non-linked interests of non-affiliated
shareholders and outside directors, because these play an insignificant role.
Share Ownership Pattern
O Similar to the trend in the UK and US, the shift
during the postwar period has been away from
individual ownership to institutional and corporate
ownership.
Composition of the Board of
Directors in the Japanese
Model
O The board of directors of Japanese corporations is composed
almost completely of insiders, that is, executive managers,
usually the heads of major divisions of the company and its
central Administrative body.
O If a company’s profits fall over an extended period, the main
bank and members of the keiretsu may remove directors and
appoint their own candidates to the company’s board.
O Another practice common in Japan is the appointment of
retiring government bureaucrats to corporate boards; for
example, the Ministry of Finance may appoint a retiring
official to a bank’s board.
The German model
of corporate
governance
O This is also called European Model. It is believed that workers are one
of the key stakeholders in the company and they should have the right
to participate in the management of the company. The corporate
governance is carried out through two boards, therefore it is also known
as twotier board model. These two boards are:
O Supervisory Board: The shareholders elect the members of
Supervisory Board. Employees also elect their representative for
Supervisory Board which are generally onethird or half of the Board.
O Board of Management or Management Board: The Supervisory
Board appoints and monitors the Management Board. The Supervisory
Board has the right to dismiss the Management Board and reconstitute
the same.
O Usually a large majority of shareholders are banks and financial
institutions. The share holders can appoint 50% of members to
constitute the supervisory board and rest 50% are appointed by
employee and labour union
O The mandatory inclusion of labor/employee representatives on larger
German supervisory boards distinguishes the German model from
both the AngloUS and Japanese models.
O There are three unique elements of the German model that
distinguish it from the other models outlined in this article.
Two of these elements pertain to board composition and one
concerns shareholders’ rights:
O First, the German model prescribes two boards with separate
members. German corporations have a twotiered board
structure consisting of a management board (composed
entirely of insiders, that is, executives of the corporation) and a
supervisory board (composed of labor/employee representatives
and shareholder representatives). The two boards are
completely distinct; no one may serve simultaneously on a
corporation’s management board and supervisory board.
O Second, the size of the supervisory board is set by law and
cannot be changed by shareholders.
O Third, in Germany and other countries following this model,
voting right restrictions are legal; these limit a shareholder to
voting a certain percentage of the corporation’s total share
capital, regardless of share ownership position.
Indian Model of
Corporate Governance
An Introduction to SEBI
O Despite the structure of Indian Businesses differing significantly from
those in the UK, the foundations of the new Indian Corporate Governance
model are drawn from the AngloSaxon governance model. The investor base
in the Indian corporate market, for instance, largely consists of the company
founders, their respective family members and the government. In contrast,
shareholders in UK companies are less concentrated towards a certain group
of people, are geographically dispersed and largely held by professional
investors. However, despite significant differences in the corporate structure
in the two markets, the corporate governance proposals recently published in
India are similar to those adopted in UK. The question therefore arises as to
whether it is appropriate for a closed market to base its Corporate
Governance model on practices developed for and in a market fundamentally
different from its own.
O The corporate practices in India emphasize the functions of
audit and finances that have legal, moral and ethical
implications for the business and its impact on the shareholders.
The Indian Companies Act of 2013 introduced innovative
measures to appropriately balance legislative and regulatory
reforms for the growth of the enterprise and to increase foreign
investment, keeping in mind international practices. The rules
and regulations are measures that increase the involvement of
the shareholders in decision making and introduce transparency
in corporate governance, which ultimately safeguards the
interest of the society and shareholders.
O The Indian market is regulated by the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI). SEBI was established in 1988
and given statutory powers on 12 April 1992 through the SEBI
Act, 1992. SEBI is a part of department of Company Affairs
Govt. of India. SEBI is impowered to regulate working of stock
exchange and its players. SEBI is a playing a key role in
Corporate Governance of India
Working/Functioning of SEBI
O The developments in UK had a significant influence on India. Confederation of
Indian Industries (CII) appointed a National Task Force headed by Rahul Bajaj
O who submitted a ‘Desirable Corporate Governance in India – a Code’ in April 1998
containing 17 recommendations.
O Thereafter SEBI appointed a Committee under the Chairmanship of Kumar
Mangalam Birla. This committee submitted its report on 7 May 1999, containing 19
mandatory and 6 nonmandatory recommendations. SEBI implemented the report
by requiring the Stock Exchanges to introduce a separate clause 49 in the listing
agreements.
O In April 2002, Ganguly Committee report was made for improving Corporate
Governance in Banks and Financial Institutions. The Central Government
(Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs) appointed a committee under the
Chairmanship of Mr. Naresh Chandra on Corporate Audit and Governance. This
committee submitted its report on 23 December 2002.
O Finally SEBI appointed another committee on Corporate Governance
under the Chairmanship of N.R. Narayan Murthy. The committee
submitted its report to SEBI on 8 February 2003. SEBI thereafter
revised clause 49 of the listing agreement, which has come into force
with effect from 01 January 2006.
O Some of the recommendations of these various committees were given
legal recognition by amending the Companies Act 1999, 2000, and twice
in 2002.The Committee submitted its report to the Central Government
on 31 May 2005. The Central Government had announced that the
company law would be extensively revised based on Dr. Irani’s
Committee Report.
O Parliament on 15 May 2006 had approved the companies
(amendment) bill, 2006 which envisages implementation of a
comprehensive egovernance system through the well known MCA21
project. The questions that comes to the minds of Indian investors now
is, has the Indian Corporate sector matured enough to practice effective
selfregulation? Economic liberalization and globalization have brought
about a manifold increase in the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and
Foreign Institutional Investment (FII) into India
Indian Companies Act of 2013
O The Indian Companies Act of 2013 introduced some progressive and transparent
process which benefit stakeholders, directors as well as the management of companies.
Investment advisory services and proxy firms provide concise information to the
shareholders about these newly introduced processes and regulations, which aim to
improve the Corporate Governance in India.
O Corporate advisory services are offered by advisory firms to efficiently manage the
activities of companies to ensure stability and growth of the business, maintain the
reputation and reliability for customers and clients. The top management that
consists of the board of directors is responsible for governance. They must have
effective control over affairs of the company in the interest of the company and
minority shareholders. Corporate governance ensures strict and efficient application of
management practices along with legal compliance in the continually changing
business scenario in India.
O Corporate Governance was guided by Clause 49 of the listing agreement before
introduction of the Companies Act of 2013. As per the new provision, SEBI has also
approved certain amendments in the listing agreement so as to improve the
transparency in transactions of listed companies and giving a bigger say to minority
stakeholders in influencing the decisions of management. These amendments have
become effective from 1st October 2014.
A Few New Provision for
Directors and Shareholders
O One or more women directors are recommended for certain classes of companies.
O Every company in India must have a resident directory.
O The maximum permissible directors cannot exceed 15 in a Public Limited company. If
more directors have to be appointed, it can be done only with approval of the
shareholders after passing a Special Resolution.
O The Independents Directors are a newly introduced concept of under the Act. A code of
conduct is prescribed and so are other functions and duties.
O The independent Directors must attend at least one meeting a year.
O Every company must appoint an individual or firm as an auditor. The responsibility of
the Audit committee has increased.
O Filing and disclosures with the registrar of Companies has increased.
O Top management recognizes the rights of the shareholders and ensures strong co
operation between the company and the stakeholders.
O Every company has to make accurate disclosure of financial situations, performance,
material matter, ownership and governance.
Additional Provisions
O
O Related Party Transactions – A Related Party Transaction (RPT) is the transfer of
resources or facilities between a company and another specific party. The company
devises policies which must be disclosed on the website and in the annual report. All
these transactions must be approved by the shareholders by passing a Special
Resolution as the Companies Act of 2013. Promotors of the company cannot vote on a
resolution for a related party transaction.
O Changes in Clause 35B – The evoting facility has to be provided to the shareholder
for any resolution is legal binding for the company.
O Corporate Social Responsibility – The company has the responsibility to promote
social development in order to return something that is beneficial for the society.
O Whistle Blower Policy – This is a mandatory provision by SEBI which is a vigil
mechanism to report the wrong or unethical conduct of any director of the company
O A company that has good corporate governance has a much higher level of
confidence among the shareholders associated with that company. Active and
independent directors contribute towards a positive outlook of the company in the
company in the financial market, positively influencing share prices. Corporate
Governance is one of the important criteria for foreign institutional investors to
decide on which company to invest in.
O Corporate Governance safeguards not only the management but the interests of
the stakeholders as well and fosters the economic progress of India in the roaring
economies of the world.