STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

ENGR. FRANCIS ARJAY PASTORES LUZ

First Place, CE Board May 2015
BSCE, LPU Cavite – Resident Full Academic Scholar
Review Head and Reviewer in all CE subjects,
FAL Conducive Engineering Review Center
Former Structural Design Engineer, ARCADIS Design and Consultancy
Author of Various Civil Engineering Books

TO THE READER:

I thank God for the wisdom He gave me and to all of us. My goal is to share
this borrowed wisdom from the Lord through book writing and teaching. May He
grant the reader of this compilation of problems the divine wisdom to be able to
understand the principles and concepts written in this book.

How I wish that this compilation is free from errors. However, part of being
a human, we make mistakes that we do not notice. If you find any error in this
compilation, please feel free to tell the author.

Engr. Francis Arjay Luz

Manila, April 2020

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
PART 1 - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS

In this part, we will discuss first about the analysis and design of compression members prone
to flexural buckling. Flexural buckling is the buckling of the entire member and is governed by
the Euler’s Formula.

On the second part of this chapter, we will consider local buckling, which is the buckling of
the part of a member which precipitate the failure of the entire member.

PART A: Compression Members Prone to Flexural Buckling

Axial Compressive Stress

P
σ=
A

Failure of short compression members

When steel is used as material for compression member, the section required is usually small
resulting to a slender member. This makes the steel compression member susceptible to
“flexural buckling”.

Euler Buckling Formula

Critical Axial Compression
π2 EI
Pcr =
(kL)2

Critical Compressive Stress:

π2 E
Fcr =
kL 2
(r)

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Where:
k = effective length factor
kL = Le = effective length
I
r = √A = radius of gyration
kL
= largest slenderness ratio
r

The slenderness ratio. kL/r, of a compression member shall not exceed 200. The graph below
L
show the strength of a compression member as a function of its slenderness ( re ).

Graph 3.1 – Strength of a compression member

There are 2 modes of failure for a steel compression member: Yielding or Buckling. Short or
intermediate compression members fail due to yielding while slender or long compression
members fail due to buckling. When the failure is yielding, the strength of the member is based
on the yield strength 𝐹𝑦 of the material. However, if the member is slender (failure is buckling),
then the strength 𝐹𝑦 of the member is already useless because its axial capacity is now governed
by the Euler’s formula. We can notice based on the Euler’s formula that the strength of a slender
compression member is now governed by its slenderness (kL/r) and the type of material (E).
Thus, for a slender steel compression member, a Grade 60 (414 MPa) steel will buckle at the
same load as that of an A36 (248 MPa) steel because they have the same E = 200 GPa.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Table 3.1 – TYPICAL VALUES FOR k

Buckled shape of
column is shown by
dashed line

Theoretical k value 0.50 0.70 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0

Recommended design
value for k when ideal 0.65 0.80 1.0 1.2 2.0 2.0
conditions are
approximated
Rotation fixed ; Translation fixed
End Condition Rotation free ; Translation fixed
Rotation fixed ; Translation free
Rotation free ; Translation free

NSCP Code Provisions for Axially Loaded Compression Member

2001 NSCP (Allowable Stress Design)

The allowable compressive strength, Pa :

Pa = Fa (Ag )

2π2 E
Cc = √
Fy

Intermediate Column:
kL
when ≤ Cc
r
1 kL/r 2 Fy
Fa = [1 − ( ) ]
2 Cc F. S.
where:
5 3 kL/r 1 kL/r 3
FS = + ( )− ( )
3 8 Cc 8 Cc

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Long Column:
kL
when > Cc
r
π2 E
Fa = /FS
(kL/r)2
where:
23
FS = (this is the max. value of F. S. )
12
Thus, for a long column

12π2 E
Fa =
23(kL/r)2

Graph 3.2 – Strength of a compression member based on NSCP 2001 with Cc = 126.17

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 1: A rectangular steel column is 50mm x 100mm in cross section. Use Fy =

248 MPa, E = 200,000 MPa and k = 1.0
a. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member if it is 2 m long.
b. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member it it is 0.5 m long.
c. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 2 m long.
d. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 0.5 m long.

Solution:
a. Mode of failure of the compression member if it is 2 m long or 2000 mm.
50(100)3
Ix = = 4,166,666.67 mm4
12
Ix 4,166,666.67
rx = √ =√ = 28.87 mm
A 50(100)
While,
100(50)3
Iy = = 1,041,666.67 mm4
12
Iy 1,041,666.67
ry = √ =√ = 14.43 mm
A 50(100)

Let us check the governing slenderness ratio for the compression member.
kL 1.0(2000)
S. R.x = ( ) = = 69.28
r x 28.87
kL 1.0(2000)
S. R.y = ( ) = = 138.6
r y 14.43

Thus, the governing slenderness ratio, kL/r is 138.60 (largest slenderness ratio). This is the
value that we shall use in the formula

π2 E π2 (200,000)
σcr = = = 102.76 MPa
kL 2 (138.6)2
(r)

Since σcr < Fy , buckling occurs first before yielding. It implies that the member will fail in
buckling. The member is slender or long and the mode of failure is buckling.

b. Determine the mode of failure of the compression member if it is 0.5 m long or 500 mm.
Let us check the governing slenderness ratio for the compression member.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
kL 1.0(500)
S. R.x = ( ) = = 17.32
r x 28.87
kL 1.0(500)
S. R.y = ( ) = = 34.65
r y 14.43

Thus, the governing slenderness ratio, kL/r is 34.65 (largest slenderness ratio). This is the value
that we shall use in the formula

π2 E π2 (200,000)
σcr = = = 1644.08 MPa
kL 2 (34.65)2
(r)

Since σcr > Fy , yielding occurs first before buckling. It implies that the member will fail in
yielding and the result of Euler’s formula is no longer true because the formula is only true if
the stresses are within the elastic range. This is because of the presence of E in the formula.
Remember that E is the Young’s Modulus of Elasticity which is the slope of the stress-strain
diagram in the elastic region. The member is short and the mode of failure is yielding.

c. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 2 m long.
σstrength σcr 102.76
σallowable = = = = 51.38 MPa
F. S. F. S. 2.0
Pallowable = σallowable (Ag ) = 51.38(50)(100) = 𝟐𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐍

d. Determine the allowable axial load for a factor of safety of 2.0 if the column is 0.5 m long.
σstrength Fy 248
σallowable = = = = 124 MPa
F. S. F. S. 2.0
Pallowable = σallowable(Ag ) = 124(50)(100) = 𝟔𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐍

Concept to ponder from the code:

The compression index Cc is also called limiting slenderness ratio because Cc is also actually a
1
slenderness ratio when the Euler stress is equal to 2 Fy .
1 π2 E
σcr = Fy =
2 (C c )2

2π2 E
Cc = √
Fy

From this value of 𝐶𝑐 , long compression members were separated from intermediate
compression members. For intermediate members, notice that the allowable stress is dependent
on 𝐹𝑦 and is divided by its corresponding factor of safety. However, notice that when the

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
compression member is long, 𝐹𝑦 is already useless because the strength is already a function of
the Euler’s buckling stress formula which is dependent on E and the slenderness ratio of the
member divided by the maximum value of the Factor of safety.

PROBLEM 2: A wide flange section for a 4.5 m long column (hinged at both ends) has the
following properties:
A = 13500 mm2 E = 200 GPa
6 4
Ix = 1200 x 10 mm Iy = 150 x 106 mm4
Determine the Euler critical load of the column.

Solution: k = 1.0 (hinged at both ends)

If there are no bracings in the column, we can notice that buckling is critical about the y-axis.

π2 EI π2 (200,000)(150 x 106 ) 1
Pcr = = ( ) = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟔𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟒 𝐤𝐍
(kL)2 [1.0(4500)]2 1000

PROBLEM 3: Two C310 x 45 channels are used as column. The column is 12 m high, latticed
together so they have equal moments of inertia about the principal axes. Assumed both ends
are pinned and proportional limit is 240 MPa and the modulus of elasticity of steel is 200GPa.

Properties of C310 X 45
A = 5690 mm2 x = 17mm
6 4
Ix = 67.3 x 10 mm Iy = 2.12 x 106 mm4

a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.

b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.
c. What safe load will the column carry with a factor of safety 2.5?

Solution:
a. Compute the distance back to back of channels.
Ix = Iy
b 2
2(67.3 x 106 ) = 2 [2.12 x 106 + 5690 (17 + ) ]
2
𝐛 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦

b. Compute the minimum length of a column having this section.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

2(67.3 x 106 )
r y = rx = √ = 108.76 mm
2(5690)

To get the minimum length

σcr = fs
2
π (200,000)
2 = 240 MPa
1.0(L)
[ ]
108.76

L = 9863.44 mm

c. What safe load will the column carry with a factor of safety 2.5?
π2 E π2 (200,000)
σcr = = = 162.15 MPa
kL 2 1.0(12,000) 2
(r) [ ]
108.76

Since σcr > Fy , yielding occurs first before buckling.

σstrength σcr 162.15
σallowable = = = = 64.86 MPa
F. S. F. S. 2.5
Pallowable = σallowable(Ag ) = 64.86(5,690)(2) = 𝟕𝟑𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐍

PROBLEM 4: A W8x35 steel column has an unsupported height of 8 m. Using A 36 steel

with Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200,000 MPa. Compute the allowable axial load that the
column could carry:
a. if both ends are fixed.
b. if both ends are pinned.
c. if one end is fixed and the other end is pinned.

Properties of W8x35:
A = 6645.15 mm2
Ix = 52.45 x 106 mm4
Iy = 17.69 x 106 mm4
rx = 88.9 mm
ry = 51.56 mm

Solution:
a. if both ends are fixed (k = 0.50)
kL 0.50(8000)
( ) = = 44.99
r x 88.9

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
kL 0.50(8000)
( ) = = 77.58
r y 51.56

Use kL/r = 77.58 (largest slenderness ratio)

2π2 (200,000)
Cc = √ = 126.17
248
Intermediate Column (kL/r < Cc)
5 3 77.58 1 77.58 3
F. S. = + ( )− ( ) = 1.868
3 8 126.17 8 126.17

1 77.58 2 248
Fa = [1 − ( ) ] = 107.65 MPa
2 126.17 1.868
1 kN
Pa = Fa (Ag ) = 107.65(6,645.15) ( ) = 𝟕𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟖 𝐤𝐍
1000 N

b. if both ends are pinned (k = 1.0)

kL 1.0(8000)
( ) = = 89.99
r x 88.9
kL 1.0(8000)
( ) = = 155.16
r y 51.56

Use kL/r = 155.16 (largest slenderness ratio)

2π2 (200,000)
Cc = √ = 126.17
248
Long Column (kL/r > Cc)
12π2 E 12π2 (200,000)
Fa = = = 42.78 MPa
kL 2 23(155.16)2
23 ( r )
1 kN
Pa = Fa (Ag ) = 42.78(6,645.15) ( ) = 𝟐𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟖 𝐤𝐍
1000 N

c. if one end is fixed and the other end is pinned (k = 0.70)

kL 0.70(8000)
( ) = = 62.99
r x 88.9
kL 0.70(8000)
( ) = = 108.61
r y 51.56

Use kL/r = 108.61 (largest slenderness ratio)

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

2π2 (200,000)
Cc = √ = 126.17
248
Intermediate Column (kL/r < Cc)
5 3 108.61 1 108.61 3
F. S. = + ( )− ( ) = 1.9097
3 8 126.17 8 126.17

1 108.61 2 248
Fa = [1 − ( ) ] = 81.75 MPa
2 126.17 1.9097
1 kN
Pa = Fa (Ag ) = 81.75(6,645.15) ( ) = 𝟓𝟒𝟑. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐍
1000 N

PROBLEM 5: May 2015 CE Board Examination. Built-up column 10-m long consists of
W350x90 with two 12x350 plates welded to form a box section. With respect to x-axis
column is fixed and with respect to y-axis, column is braced at mid-height.

Properties of WF section:
A = 11,540 mm2
Ix = 2.66x108 mm4
Iy = 0.44x108 mm4
bf = 250 mm
tf = 16 mm
tw = 10 mm
Fy = 248 MPa
a. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to x-axis.
b. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to y-axis.
c. Compute the axial load capacity.

Solution:
a. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to x-axis.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
The section property of the built up section is,
AT = 11,540 + 2(12)(350) = 19,940 mm2
12(350)3
Ix = 2.66 x 108 + 2 [ ] = 351.75 x 106 mm4
12
8
350(12)3
Iy = 0.44 x 10 + 2 [ + 12(350)(131)2 ] = 188.25 x 106 mm4
12
Thus,

Ix Iy
rx = √ = 132.82 mm ; ry = √ = 97.16 mm
A A
kL 0.50(10,000)
S. R.x = ( ) = = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟔𝟒
r x 132.82

b. Compute the effective slenderness ratio with respect to y-axis.

kL 0.70(5,000)
S. R.y = ( ) = = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟐
r y 97.16

c. Compute the axial load capacity.

2π2 (200,000)
Cc = √ = 126.17
248
Use kL/r = 37.64 (largest)

Intermediate Column (kL/r < Cc)

5 3 37.64 1 37.64 3
F. S. = + ( )− ( ) = 1.7752
3 8 126.17 8 126.17

1 37.64 2 248
Fa = [1 − ( ) ] = 133.48 MPa
2 126.17 1.7752
1 kN
Pa = Fa (Ag ) = 133.48(19,940) ( ) = 𝟐, 𝟔𝟔𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝐤𝐍
1000 N

PROBLEM 6: A W 14 x 142 is used as a column having length of 9 m long. It is hinged at

the upper end and fixed at the lower end but there is a lateral bracing perpendicular to the minor
axis of the W section at the 5.4 m above the bottom support. It is assumed to be pinned
connected at the bracing point. Using A-36 steel, the yield strength is 248 MPa and the NSCP
specifications, elastic modulus of steel is 200 GPa. The recommended k values are used.

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Properties of W14 x 142
A=26967.69 mm2
d=374.65 mm bf=393.70 mm
tf=27.00 mm tw= 17.27 mm
Ix= 695.11 x 106 mm4 Sx=3719.18 x 103 mm3
rx=160.53 mm ry= 100.84 mm
Iy= 274.71 x 106 mm4 Sy= 1396.18 x 103 mm3

a. Compute the slenderness ratio.

b. Compute the allowable axial stress.
c. Compute the capacity of the column section.

Solution:
a. Compute the slenderness ratio.
Check governing effective length about y-axis:
Le1 = 1.0(3600) = 3600 mm
Le2 = 0.80(5400) = 4320 mm → governing

kL 4320
S. R.y = ( ) = = 42.84
r y 100.84
kL 0.80(9000)
S. R.x = ( ) = = 44.85
r x 160.53
𝐤𝐋
Thus, the governing slenderness ratio is, = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟓
𝐫

b. Compute the allowable axial stress.

2π2 (200,000)
Cc = √ = 126.17
248
kL
< Cc (Intermediate),
r

5 3 44.85 1 44.85 3
F. S. = + ( )− ( ) = 1.794
3 8 126.17 8 126.17

1 44.85 2 248
Fa = − (
[1 ) ] = 𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟒𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
2 126.17 1.794

c. Compute the capacity of the column section.

Pa = Fa (Ag ) = 129.48(26,967.69)

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
𝐏𝐚 = 𝟐, 𝟒𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟓 𝐤𝐍

PROBLEM 7: The Z-section shown is used as a

compression member. It has an unsupported height
of 3m. Determine the axial load capacity of the
section. 𝐹𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Use k = 1.0.

Properties of the Z-section:

Ag = 2832 mm2
Iy = 3.25 x 10−6 m4
Ix = 4.18 x 10−6 m4
Iyx = 2.87 x 10−6 m4

SOLUTION:
For unsymmetrical sections, buckling does not occur on the x-axis neither the y-axis - buckling
occurs on the axis where it is weakest. We use Mohr’s circle in order for us to determine the
weakest axis and to calculate for the minimum moment of inertia of the section.

3.25+4.18
Center, C = = 3.715
2

x = 3.715 − 3.25 = 0.465

R = √0.4652 + 2.872 = 2.907

Therefore,

Imin = C − R = 3.715 − 2.907

Imin = 0.808 x 10−6 m4

= 0.808 x 106 mm4

The minimum radius of gyration,

0.808 x 106
rmin = √ = 16.89 mm
2832

kL 1.0(3,000)
Thus, = = 177.62
r 16.89

2π2 (200,000)
Compare to Cc = √ = 99.35
400

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
The compression member is long (kL/r > Cc)
12π2 (200,000)
Fa = = 32.64 MPa
23(177.62)2

Pa = Fa Ag = 32.64(2,832) = 𝟗𝟐, 𝟒𝟒𝟔. 𝟗𝟕 𝐍

PROBLEM 8: Two C8x11.5 and a W8x13 are welded together to form a box section as shown.
The built-up section is used to support a cantilever beam at its free end. The cantilever beam is
6m long. Use A50 steel (𝐹𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎). Determine the allowable total uniformly distributed
load from the beam so as not to exceed the capacity of the built-up column.

Properties of a C8x11.5:
𝐴 = 2181 𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝑥 = 13.57 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 0.55 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑥 = 14.5 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑓 = 57 𝑚𝑚

Properties of a W8x13:
𝐴 = 2477 𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝑥 = 16.1 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝑦 = 1.05 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4
𝑏𝑓 = 100 𝑚𝑚

SOLUTION:
AT = 2(2181) + 2477 = 6,839 mm2

bf(WF) 100
d= + bf(Channel) − x = + 57 − 14.5 = 92.5 mm
2 2

Iy = 1.05 x 106 + 2[0.55 x 106 + 2181(92.5)2 ] = 39,472,362.5 mm4

39,472,362.5
ry = √ = 75.97 mm
6,839

Ix = (16.1 x 106 ) + 2(13.57 x 106 ) = 43,240,000.00 mm4

43,240,000
rx = √ = 79.51 mm
6,839

15
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
kL 2.0(6000)
Slenderness Ratio, = = 157.96
r 75.97

2π2 E 2π2 (200,000)

Cc = √ = √ = 106.97
Fy 345

kL/r > Cc (Long or Slender Column)

12π2 (200,000)
Fa = = 41.275 MPa
23(157.96)2
Pa = Fa Ag = 41.275(6,839) = 282.28 kN

From the structural analysis of the propped beam, the reaction at the propped end is 3wL/8.
Therefore,
3(w)(6)
R = 282.28 kN =
8

𝐰𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞 = 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
COMBINED AXIAL AND BENDING

NSCP Provisions:
f
When Fa ≤ 0.15
a
fa fbx fby
+ + ≤ 1.0
Fa Fbx Fby

f
When Fa > 0.15
a

fa Cmx fbx Cmy fby

+( ) + ≤ 1.0 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐧
Fa fa Fbx fa Fby
1− 1−
Fex ′ ( Fey ′)

fa fbx fby
+ + ≤ 1.0 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐧
0.6Fy Fbx Fby

where:
12π2 E
Fe′ =
kL 2
23 ( r b )
b
where:
M1 = smaller end moment
M2 = larger end moment
Lb = unsupported length of member about the axis of bending
rb = radius of gyration about the axis of bending
P
fa = = actual axial stress
A
Mc M
fb = = = actual bending stress
I S
fa
(1 − ′ ) = amplification factor
Fe
Cm
= magnification factor
fa
(1 − ′ )
Fe

NOTE: Magnification factor should not be less than 1.0

Equivalent Moment Factor, Cm :

a. For compression members in frames subject to joint translation.

Cm = 0.85

17
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

b. For rotationally restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation
and not subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of bending:
M1
Cm = 0.6 − 0.4 ( )
M2
where M1 /M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the ends of the portion of the
member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration. M1 /M2 is positive when the
member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature.

c. For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane of loading
and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value of Cm may be determined
by an analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis, the following values may be permitted:

i. For members whose ends are restrained against rotation in the plane of bending.
Cm = 0.85

ii. For members whose ends are unrestrained against rotation in the plane of bending.
Cm = 1.0

18
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
PROBLEM 1: A steel column is 3.6 m. long is pin connected at both ends. It is part of a
frame subjected to buckling and sides way. It carries an axial load of 750 KN and a
moment of 70 kN-m at the top and a moment of 60 kN-m at the bottom.
The steel section has the following properties:
A = 13000 mm2 r = 94 mm
Sx = 1200 x 103 mm3 Fy = 248 MPa

The axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force alone existed, is 115
MPa. The compressive bending stress that would be permitted if bending moment alone
existed, is 148 MPa.

a. Determine the axial compressive stress if axial load only existed.

b. Determine the bending stress if bending stress if bending moment alone existed.
c. Using the interaction formula, what is the interaction value of both axial and bending
stresses?
SOLUTION:
a. Determine the axial compressive stress if axial load only existed.
750,000
fa = = 57.69 MPa
13,000

b. Determine the bending stress if bending stress if bending moment alone existed.
Mx 70(106 )
fb = = = 58.33 MPa
Sx 1200 x 103

c. Using the interaction formula, what is the interaction value of both axial and bending
stresses?
f 57.69
Check: Fa = = 0.50 > 0.15 (Check both stability ang strength)
a 115

For Stability criterion, Cm = 0.85 (part of a frame subject to joint translation)

′
12π2 E 12π2 (200,000)
Fex = = 2 = 702.16 MPa
kLx 2 1.0(3600)
23 ( r ) 23 [ ]
x 94

The interaction value for stability criterion is

fa Cmx fbx Cmy fby

I. V. = +( ) +
Fa f f
1 − a Fbx 1 − a Fby
Fex′ ( Fey ′)

19
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Cmx
However, the quantity ( f ) shall not be taken greater than 1, so we will check it.
1− a
Fex ′

Cmx 0.85
( )= = 0.926 < 1.0 (Use 1.0)
fa 57.69
1− 1 − 702.16
Fex ′

57.69 58.33
I. V. = + (1.0) = 0.896
115 148

Check also strength criterion,

fa fbx fby
I. V. = + +
0.6Fy Fbx Fby

57.69 58.33
I. V. = + = 0.78
0.6(248) 148

The governing interaction value is 0.896

PROBLEM 2: A W 250 x 58 column carries an eccentric load of 200 kN with an

eccentricity from y axis is 75mm and eccentricity from x axis is 50mm. The column has
an unsupported length of 6 m. The yield strength is 400 MPa. The allowable bending
strength along strong axis is 0.60Fy; while, the allowable bending strength along weak
axis is 0.75Fy. Assume k = 1.0 and Cm = 0.85
Properties of W 250 x 58
A = 7420 mm2 Sx = 693 x 103 mm3 rx = 108 mm
Ix = 87.3 x 106 mm4 Sy = 186 x 103 mm3 ry = 50.4 mm

a. Determine the actual compressive stress.

b. Determine the allowable compressive stress.
c. Determine the interaction value for both axial and bending.

SOLUTION:
a. Determine the actual compressive stress.
P 200,000 N
fa = = = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟗𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚
Ag 7,420 mm2

20
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
b. Determine the allowable compressive stress.

2π2 (200,000)
Cc = √ = 99.35
400
kL kL 1.0(6000)
=( ) = = 119.05 > Cc (Long Column)
r r y 50.4

12π2 (200,000)
Fa = = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚
23(119.05)2

c. Determine the interaction value for both

axial and bending.

Mx (200,000)(50)
fbx = = = 14.43 MPa
Sx 693 x 103

My (200,000)(75)
fby = = = 80.65 MPa
Sy 186 x 103

f 26.95
Check Fa = 72.66 = 0.37 > 0.15
a

Check both stability and strength criterion for

Interaction value.

For Stability criterion, Cm = 0.85

′
12π2 E 12π2 (200,000)
Fex = = 2 = 333.68 MPa
kLx 2 1.0(6000)
23 ( r ) 23 [ 108 ]
x

′
12π2 E 12π2 (200,000)
Fex = = 2 = 72.67 MPa
kLx 2 1.0(6000)
23 ( ) 23 [ ]
rx 50.4

Cmx
However, the quantity ( f ) shall not be taken greater than 1, so we will check it.
1− a
Fex ′

Cmx 0.85
( )= = 0.925 < 1.0 (Use 1.0)
fa 26.95
1− 1 − 333.68
Fex ′

21
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

Cmy 0.85
= = 1.35 > 1.0 (OK)
f 26.95
1− a 1 − 72.67
( Fey ′)

The interaction value for stability criterion is

fa Cmx fbx Cmy fby

I. V. = +( ) +
Fa f f
1 − a Fbx 1 − a Fby
Fex′ ( Fey ′)

26.95 14.43 80.65

I. V. = + (1.0) + (1.35) = 0.794
72.66 0.60(400) 0.75(400)

Check also strength criterion,

fa fbx fby
I. V. = + +
0.6Fy Fbx Fby

26.95 14.43 80.65

I. V. = + + = 0.44
0.6(400) 0.60(400) 0.75(400)

The governing interaction value is 0.794

22
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Jackson and Moreland Alignment Chart
The alignment chart is used to get the effective length factor k for a column that is part
of a frame. There are two available charts – the first one is for columns in a frame where side
sway is inhibited while the second one is for columns in a frame where side sway is uninhibited.

Joint Rigidity, G:
∑ I/L (of columns)
G=
∑ I/L (of girders)

For pinned connection: G = infinity

For rigid connection: G = 0

Use of Jackson and Moreland Alignment Chart:

1. Select the appropriate chart (with or without sidesway)
2. Compute G on each end of the column and label the values GA and GB.
3. Draw a straight line of the chart between GA and GB values and read k where the line hits the
center k-scale.

23
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
PROBLEM 1: The given frame is subject to side-sway. The columns are oriented with its
strong axis parallel to the frame. Furthermore, the columns are fully braced in the plane of the
weak axis. Using the Jackson and Moreland Alignment Chart, determine the effective length
for columns EF and CD.

SOLUTION:
a. For Column EF.
1800 x 106
∑ I/L (of columns) 3.20
GA = = 6 = 0.80
∑ I/L (of girders) 2400 x 10 2400 x 106
6.0 + 8.0

1800 x 106 1800 x 106

∑ I/L (of columns) +
GB = = 3.20 3.20 = 1.60
∑ I/L (of girders) 2400 x 106 2400 x 106
+
6.0 8.0

24
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

From the chart, k = 1.40

Therefore, the effective length for column EF is:

Le = kL = 1.40(3200 mm)

𝐋𝐞 = 𝟒, 𝟒𝟖𝟎 𝐦𝐦

b. For Column CD.

1200 x 106 1200 x 106
∑ I/L (of columns) +
GA = = 3.20 3.20 = 1.875
∑ I/L (of girders) 2400 x 106
6.0

GB = ∞ (pinned)

25
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

From the chart, k = 2.70

Le = 2.70(3200) = 𝟖, 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝐦𝐦

PROBLEM 2: The frame is fully braced against sidesway. Determine the effective length
factor k of column EF using the alignment chart. Ibeams = 2200 x 106 mm4 ; Icolumns =
2800 x 106 mm4

26
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

SOLUTION: For Column EF.

2800 x 106 2800 x 106
∑ I/L (of columns) +
GA = = 3.50 3.00 = 2.15
∑ I/L (of girders) 2200 x 106 2200 x 106
+
6.0 5.0

GB = 0 (fixed)

Thus, from the alignment chart

𝐤 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔

27
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

1. Determine the allowable load P that the truss could carry based on the capacity of member
AC. Member AC and BC are composed of 2L100x100x8 whose legs are welded together to
form a T-section as shown in the figure. Use A50 steel with Fy = 345 MPa. E = 200 GPa.
Properties of an L100x100x8:
Area = 1551 mm2
Moment of Inertia, Ix = Iy = 1448 x 103 mm4
Centroid, x = y = 27.37 mm

Ans. P = 478.74 kN

2. A structural steel angle with unequal legs has a moment of inertia Ix = 33.6x106 mm4 ,
Iy = 16.1x106 mm4 , product of inertia Ixy = −13.4x106 mm4 and cross sectional area
A = 2543 mm2 . If the structural steel angle is used as a compression member having an
effective length of 6000 mm, determine the Euler’s critical buckling stress. Use Esteel =
200,000 MPa.
Ans. 190.74 MPa

3. A column is to be made up of Aluminum and steel as shown in the figure. It is hinged at

both ends of its 10 m height. Eal = 70 GPa and Est = 210 GPa. Determine the Euler’s critical
buckling load.

Ans. 1,036.31 kN

28
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
4. 2L100x100x8 are welded together to form a box section
as shown. It is used as a compression member to support a
vertical load, P. The column is hinged on its top and fixed
at the bottom (k = 0.70). Determine the largest allowable P
that the column can carry if it has an unsupported length of
4m. Use A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa)

Properties of an L100x100x8:
Area = 1551 mm2
Moment of Inertia, Ix = Iy = 1448 x 103 mm4
Centroid, x = y = 27.37 mm

Ans. 343.02 kN

29
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
PART 2 - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

Local Buckling - the buckling of the part of a larger member that precipitate the failure of the
whole member.
- occurrence of local buckling is governed by the slenderness of the elements of the section and
measured as width-thickness ratio (b/t)
Stiffened element – a projecting piece of steel whose two edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force are supported
Unstiffened element – a projecting piece of steel having one free edge parallel to the direction
of the compression force, with the other edge supported.

GENERAL MECHANICS OF FLEXURE

Classification of Sections:
a. Compact Section – section capable of developing a fully plastic stress distribution without
any local buckling.
b. Non-compact section – section that can develop the yield stress in its compression elements
before local buckling occurs.
c. Slender element section – cross sections possessing plate components of sufficient
slenderness such that local buckling in the elastic range will occur.

Modes of Failure of a wide flange steel beam:

1. Lateral Torsional Buckling
2. Compression Flange Yielding
3. Tension Flange Yielding

𝐍𝐒𝐂𝐏 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟏 (𝐀𝐒𝐃) 𝐒𝐔𝐌𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐘

I. STRONG AXIS BENDING
Lb is the unbraced length
Lc is the smaller of L1 and L2
Lu is the larger of L1 and L2

30
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

200bf 137,900
L1 = ; L2 =
√Fy Fy ∙ d
( )
Af

Case A: Lb < Lc < Lu (Compact based on unbraced length criterion)

a.) If section is compact: Its flanges must be continuously connected to the web.
Check also for section geometry criterion for a compact section as follows:
bf 170
< (compact flange)
2tf √Fy
d 1680
< (compact web)
tw √Fy

If it satisfies all 4 criteria above, then

Fb = 0.66Fy
b.) For members not meeting the requirements of compact sections bending about the strong
axis except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up sections with yield points
greater than 448 MPa) the allowable stress is:

bf
Fb = Fy (0.79 − 0.000762 √F )
2tf y

170 bf 250
< < (partially compact)
√Fy 2tf √Fy

c. If the section is non-compact:

bf 250
> (non compact)
2tf √Fy

Fb = 0.60Fy

Case B: Lc < Lb < Lu (Non-Compact Sections)

For flexural members with compact or non-compact sections, and with unbraced length Lb
greater than Lc and unbraced length Lb less than Lu , the allowable bending stress is:
Fb = 0.60Fy

Case C: Lb > Lu > Lc (Slender Element Sections)

Case 1: (Intermediate Beams)
703,270 Cb L 3,516,330 Cb
√ < <√
Fy rT Fy

31
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Take the larger Fb between 1 and 2 but should be less than 0.60Fy .
L 2
2 Fy r )
(
T
Fb = Fy [ − ] (1)
3 10.55x106 ∙ Cb

82,740 Cb
Fb = (2)
L∙d
Af

Case 2: (Long Beams)

L 3,516,330 Cb
>√
rT Fy

Take the larger Fb between 2 and 3 but should be less than 0.60Fy .
82,740 Cb
Fb = (2)
L∙d
Af

1,172,100 Cb
Fb = (3)
L 2
(r )
T

II. WEAK AXIS BENDING:

a. Compact Section:
Fb = 0.75Fy
b. Partially Compact Section:
bf
Fb = Fy [1.075 − 0.0019 √Fy ]
2tf
c. Non-compact Section:
Fb = 0.60Fy

Moment Gradient Multiplier, 𝐂𝐛 :

M1 M1 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.3 ( ) ≤ 2.30
M2 M2
Where:
M1 = smaller end moment of the unbraced length
M2 = larger end moment of the unbraced length

Note: When the bending moment at any point within the unbraced length is larger than at both
ends of this length: 𝐂𝐛 = 𝟏. 𝟎
Cb = 1.0 (for simply supported beams)
Cb = 1.0 (for cantilever beams)

32
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

PROBLEM 1: A beam is simply supported and has a span of 12 m. The beam is a W33x240
with Fy = 345 MPa. Compute the safe uniformly distributed load that can be safely carried by
the beam including its weight:
Properties of W33x240
Weight = 3.51kN/m tw = 21.08 mm
2
A = 45,548 mm Ix = 5660.75 x 106 mm4
d = 850.9 mm Iy = 388.34 x 106 mm4
bf = 402.97 mm Sx = 13,322.68 x 103 mm3
tf = 35.56 mm Sy = 1,933.67 x 103 mm3

a. if the compression flange is braced laterally.

b. if the compression flange has lateral support only at its ends.
c. if the compression flange has lateral supports only at its ends and the midspan.
d. if the length of the beam is 14m and the compression flange has lateral supports only at its
ends and the midspan.

Solution:
1. Compare Lb , Lc and Lu
Lb = 0 (since it is fully braced laterally)
Compute Lc and Lu :
200bf 200(402.97)
L1 = = = 4,339.04 mm;
√Fy √345
137,900 137,900
L2 = = = 6,731.33 mm
Fy ∙ d 345(850.9)
( ) 35.56(402.97)
Af
Thus,
Lc = 4,339.04 mm (smaller between L1 and L2 )
Lu = 6,731.33 mm (larger between L1 and L2 )
Comparing Lb , Lc and Lu :
Lb < Lc < Lu
(falls under compact section based on unbraced length criterion)
We have to check further compactness of web and flange to satisfy the requirement for the
section geometry criterion:
bf 402.97√345
√Fy = = 105.24 < 170 (compact flange)
2tf 2(35.56)
d 850.90√345
√Fy = = 749.75 < 1680 (compact web)
tw 21.08

Therefore, the section is compact. The allowable bending stress is:

33
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Fb = 0.66Fy = 0.66(345) = 227.7 MPa

To get the safe uniform load,

M M(106 )
227.7 MPa = =
Sx 13,322.68 x 103

wT (12)2
M = 3,033.57 kN. m =
8

𝐰𝐓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

2. if the compression flange has lateral support only at its ends.

Lb = 12,000 mm
Lc = 4,339.04 mm (smaller between L1 and L2 )
Lu = 6,731.33 mm (larger between L1 and L2 )

Thus, the beam is slender: Lb > Lu > Lc

Check slenderness ratio (L/rT ) of the beam:

Computation of rT : rT is the radius of gyration of the compression flange plus one third of the
compression web taken about the weak axis of the section.

AT = 35.56(402.97) + (21.08)(129.96)
= 17,069.17 mm2
35.56(402.97)3 129.96(21.08)3
IT = +
12 12
= 194,010,753.3 mm4

IT 194,010,753.3
rT = √ =√ = 106.61 mm
AT 17,069.17

Comparing the slenderness ratio of the beam to the limiting slenderness ratios λ1 and λ2
provided by the code:

34
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
L 12,000
= = 112.56
rT 106.61
703,270 Cb 703,270(1.0)
λ1 = √ =√ = 45.11
Fy 345

3,516,330 Cb
λ2 = √ = λ1 √5 = 100.87
Fy
L
We find that the beam is a Long Beam, r > λ2 > λ1
T
Take the larger Fb between

82,740 Cb
Fb = = 116.12 MPa
L∙d
Af

1,172,100 Cb
Fb = = 92.51 MPa
L 2
(r )
T

But should not be greater than 0.60Fy = 207 MPa. Therefore, use Fb = 116.12 MPa.
M M(106 )
116.12 MPa = =
Sx 13,322.68 x 103
wT (12)2
M = 1,547.03 kN. m =
8

𝐰𝐓 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟓 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

3. if the compression flange has lateral supports only at its ends and the midspan.

Lb = 6000 mm
Lc = 4,339.04 mm (smaller between L1 and L2 )
Lu = 6,731.33 mm (larger between L1 and L2 )

Thus, the section is non-compact: Lu > Lb > Lc

The allowable bending stress is 0.60Fy = 207 MPa

M M(106 )
207 MPa = =
Sx 13,322.68 x 103

35
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

wT (12)2
M = 2,757.79 kN. m =
8

𝐰𝐓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟐𝟏 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

4. if the length of the beam is 14m and the compression flange has lateral supports only at its
ends and the midspan.

Lb = 7000 mm
Lc = 4,339.04 mm (smaller between L1 and L2 )
Lu = 6,731.33 mm (larger between L1 and L2 )

Thus, the beam is slender: Lb > Lu > Lc

Check slenderness ratio (L/rT ) of the beam:
L 7,000
= = 65.66
rT 106.61
703,270 Cb 703,270(1.75)
λ1 = √ =√ = 59.73
Fy 345

3,516,330 Cb
λ2 = √ = λ1 √5 = 133.55
Fy

L
The beam is intermediate: λ1 < r < λ2
T
We take the larger Fb :

L 2
2 Fy r )
( 2 345(65.66)2
T
Fb = Fy [ − ] = 345 [ − ] = 202.21 MPa
3 10.55x106 ∙ Cb 3 10.55x106 (1.75)

82,740 Cb 82,740(1.75)
Fb = = = 348.35 MPa
L∙d 7000(850.90)
Af 35.56(402.97)

But should not be greater than 0.60Fy = 207 MPa. Therefore, we use Fb = 207 MPa.

36
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
M M(106 )
207 MPa = =
Sx 13,322.68 x 103
wT (14)2
M = 2757.79 kN. m =
8

𝐰𝐓 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟔 𝐤𝐍/𝐦

PROBLEM 2: A W12x14 simply supported beam 8m long has lateral supports at 3 m and 5
m from one end. Determine the uniformly distributed load that the beam could safely carry.
Fy = 345 MPa.

Properties of W12x14:
Weight = 204.76 N/m
Area = 2658 mm2
Depth, d = 302.514 mm
Flange width, bf = 100.787 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 5.69 mm
Web thickness, tw = 5.029 mm
Section Modulus, Sx = 242,529 mm3
rT = 24.38 mm

Solution: There are two unbraced lengths to be analyzed here. Lb1 = 3000 mm is longer but
has a smaller moment than the second unbraced length Lb2 = 2000 mm which has a larger
moment.

37
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Allowable bending stress on unbraced length 1:

Lb = 3000 mm
0 0 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.30 ( )
7.5w 7.5w
Cb = 1.75

200bf 200(100.787)
L1 = = = 1,085.24 mm
√Fy √345
137,900 137,900
L2 = = = 757.73 mm
Fy ∙ d 345(302.514
( ) 100.787(5.69)
Af

Thus,
Lc = 757.73 (smaller of L1 and L2 )
Lu = 1,085.24 (larger of L1 and L2 )
.: Lb > Lu > Lc (Slender Beam)

L 3000
= = 123.05
rT 24.38
703,270Cb 703,270(1.75)
λ1 = √ =√ = 59.73
Fy 345

3,516,330Cb 3,516,330(1.75)
λ2 = √ =√ = 133.55
Fy 345

L
.: λ1 < < λ2
rT

Take larger Fb but should be less than or equal to 0.60Fy = 207 MPa.
L 2
2 Fy r )
( 2 Fy (123.05)2
T
Fb = Fy [ − ] = 345 [ − ] = 132.386
3 10.55x106 Cb 3 10.55x106 (1.75)

82,740Cb 82,740(1.75)
Fb = = = 91.496 MPa
L∙d 3000(302.514)
Af 100.787(5.69)

M
Therefore, Fb = 132.386 MPa = S
x
7.5w(106 )
132.386 =
242,529
wTOTAL = 4.28 kN/m
wsafe = 4.28 − 0.20476 = 4.076 kN/m

38
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Allowable bending stress on unbraced length 2:
Lb = 2000 mm
Cb = 1.0 (When the bending moment at any
point within the unbraced length is larger than at
both ends of this length)

200bf 200(100.787)
L1 = = = 1,085.24 mm
√Fy √345
137,900 137,900
L2 = = = 757.73 mm
Fy ∙ d 345(302.514
( ) 100.787(5.69)
Af
Thus,
Lc = 757.73 (smaller of L1 and L2 )
Lu = 1,085.24 (larger of L1 and L2 )
.: Lb > Lu > Lc

L 2000
= = 82.03
rT 24.38
703,270Cb 703,270(1.75)
λ1 = √ =√ = 59.73
Fy 345

3,516,330Cb 3,516,330(1.75)
λ2 = √ =√ = 133.55
Fy 345

L
.: λ1 < r < λ2
T

Take larger Fb but should be less than or equal to 0.60Fy = 207 MPa.
L 2
2 F y r )
( 2 Fy (82.03)2
T
Fb = Fy [ − ] = 345 [ − ] = 154.08
3 10.55x106 Cb 3 10.55x106 (1.0)

82,740Cb 82,740(1.0)
Fb = = = 78.43 MPa
L∙d 2000(302.514)
Af 100.787(5.69)

M
Therefore, Fb = 154.08 MPa = S
x
8w(106 )
154.08 =
242,529
wTOTAL = 4.67 kN/m
wsafe = 4.67 − 0.20476 = 4.466 kN/m

39
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Therefore, the critical unbraced length is 𝐿𝑏1 = 3000 𝑚𝑚 and the safe uniform load that the
beam could carry is 4.076 kN/m.

PROBLEM 3: A simply supported beam made of W21x62 with a span of 8 m is subjected to

counterclockwise moment at the left support and a counterclockwise moment at the right
support. The moment at the right support is 1.5 times that at the left support, both bending
about the strong axis. Assuming A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa), determine the following:

Properties of W21x62
Sx = 2081 x 103 mm3 bf /2tf = 6.70
Sy = 228 x 103 mm3 d/Af = 0.16
bf = 209.30 mm d/tw = 59.03 rT = 53.34

Determine the following:

a. Slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling.
b. Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling.
c. Maximum moment at the left support.
d. Maximum moment at the left support if the moments are acting about the minor axis of the
beam.

Solution:
a. slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling.
703,270 Cb
λ1 = √ (S. R. below which the beam is short)
Fy
Where:
1 1 2
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( ) + 0.30 ( ) = 2.58 (but should ≤ 2.30)
1.5 1.5

Cb = 2.30
Finally,
703,270(2.30)
λ1 = √ = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟕𝟔
248

40
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
b. slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling.
3,516,330 Cb
λ2 = √ (S. R. above which the beam is long)
Fy
Finally,
3,516,330 (2.30)
λ1 = √ = λ1 √5 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟓𝟗
248

c. Maximum moment at the left support.

Lb = 8000 mm
200bf 200(209.30)
L1 = = = 2,658.11 mm
√Fy √248
137,900 137,900
L2 = = = 3,475.30 mm
Fy ∙ d (248)(0.16)
( )
Af
Thus,
Lc = 2,658.11 mm (smaller of L1 and L2 )
Lu = 3,475.30 mm (larger of L1 and L2 )

.: Lb > Lu > Lc (the beam is slender)

Check slenderness ratio

L 8000
= = 149.98
rT 53.34

L
λ1 < r < λ2 (Intermediate beam).
T
Take larger Fb but should be less than or equal to 0.60Fy = 148.80 MPa.
L 2
F (
2 y rT ) 2 248(149.98)2
Fb = Fy [ − ] = 248 [ − ] = 108.32 MPa
3 10.55x106 Cb 3 10.55x106 (2.30)

82,740Cb 82,740(2.30)
Fb = = = 148.67 MPa
L∙d 8000(0.16)
Af
Mmax 1.5M1
Therefore, Fb = 148.67 MPa = = 2081 x 10 3
Sx

𝐌𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦

d. Maximum moment at the left support if the moments are acting about the minor axis of the
beam.
Check compactness of flange

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
bf
√F = 6.70√248 = 105.51 < 170 (compact flange)
2tf y
Thus,
Fb = 0.75Fy = 186 MPa
1.5M1
186 =
228 x 103

𝐌𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐍. 𝐦

PROBLEM 4: November 2017 CE Board Exam. The deck of a bridge consists of 0.15 m
thick cast-in-place slab supported by steel beams at 1.8 m on centers. During construction, the
beams are fully shored and the slab is connected positively to the beams with studs providing
full composite action.

Properties of the Steel Beam:

Area = 19,355 mm2
Flange width = 250 mm
Web thickness = 13 mm
Flange thickness = 21 mm
Depth = 688 mm
Moment of inertia, Ix = 15 x 108 mm4

The beams are simply supported on a span of 25 m.

Super imposed dead load = 600 Pa (wearing surface)
Live load: Standard H load 17.8 kN front wheel load and 71.2 kN rear wheel load Distance
between wheel loads = 4.27 m
Impact factor = 24%
Modular ratio, n = 9
Concrete, fc’ = 20.7 MPa
Concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3
Steel, Fy = 345 MPa

a. Determine the maximum tensile stress (MPa) in the beam.

Given: Properties of Composite Section
Area = 49,355 mm2
Centroid = 239.3 mm from the top of the slab
Ix = 36.2 x 108 mm4
b. Find the maximum compressive stress (MPa) in the beam.
c. What is the maximum stress (MPa) in the concrete slab?

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
Solution:
a. By Varignon’s Theorem:
89x = 71.2(0) + 17.8(4.27)
x = 0.854 m

x
= 0.427 m
2

To get the maximum absolute moment that the series of moving concentrated loads can
produce, we shall let the center line of the beam coincide at midway between the resultant and
the load nearest to the resultant as shown. The maximum absolute positive moment occurs
under the load as we have learned from theory of structures.

∑ MB = 0: RA (25) − 89(12.5 − 0.427) = 0

RA = 42.98 kN

MLL = 42.98(12.073) = 518.896 kN. m

For Dead Load: wDL = 0.60(1.80) + 24(0.15)(1.80) = 7.56 kN/m

wL 7.56(25)
RA = = = 94.5 kN
2 2

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
12.073
MDL = 94.5(12.073) − 7.56(12.073) ( ) = 589.94 kN. m
2

Thus, for the combined effect of DL and LL considering impact:

Mmax = 589.94 + 1.24(518.896) = 1,233.37 kN. m

For the maximum tensile stress in the beam,

Mcbot 1,233.37(106 )(598.7)

ft(max) = = = 𝟐𝟎𝟑. 𝟗𝟖 𝐌𝐏𝐚
I 36.2 x 108

b. Maximum compressive stress in the beam:

We converted the concrete slab into a hypothetical steel for us to be able to apply the flexural
stress formula Mc/I (the section must be homogeneous). However, to get the real stress for the
concrete, we must bring back the hypothetical steel slab into its real form (concrete) by dividing
the stress by the modular ratio, n. Therefore, the maximum compressive stress is not actually
experience by the slab (see stress diagram), rather, it is experience by the steel beam in its
outermost compression fiber.

M(ctop − tslab ) 1,233.37(106 )(239.3 − 150)

fcomp.(max) = = = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟑 𝐌𝐏𝐚
I 36.2 x 108

c. What is the maximum stress (MPa) in the concrete slab?

M(ctop ) 1 1,233.37(106 )(239.3) 1

fslab(max) = ( )= ( ) = 𝟗. 𝟎𝟔 𝐌𝐏𝐚
I n 36.2 x 108 n

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 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN
PROBLEM 5: The beam induces a reaction of 15 kN to the seat angle (150mm x 100mm x
20mm) connected by 4-16 mm diameter bolts to the WF column as shown in the figure.

a. Determine the maximum bearing pressure on the flange of the seat angle.
b. Determine the maximum compressive stress experienced by the seat angle.
c. Determine the tensile stress experienced by the bolts.

SOLUTION:
a. Determine the maximum bearing pressure on the flange of the seat
angle.

1
R = Volume of pressure prism = (fp )(75)(200)
2
1
15,000 = (fp )(75)(200)
2

𝐟𝐩 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Location,
75
x= = 25 mm
3

b. Determine the maximum compressive stress experienced by the seat angle.

45
 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

25 25
e= +x= + 25 = 37.5 mm
2 2
Thus,
15,000 6(15,000)(37.5)
σcomp(max) = + = 𝟑𝟎 𝐌𝐏𝐚
200(25) 200(25)2

c. Determine the tensile stress experienced by the bolts.

π
Area of 2-16mm bolts = 4 (16)2 (2) = 402.12 mm2

Locate Neutral axis:

Aytop = Aybot
z
402.12(95 − z) + 402.12(35 − z) = 200z ( )
2
Solving for z:
z = 19.1936 mm

200(19.1936)3
IN.A. = + 402.12(35 − 19.1936)2 + 402.12(95 − 19.1936)2
3

IN.A. = 2,882,681.002 mm4

Therefore, the tensile stress in the farthest bolts,

Mc 15,000(25 + 25)(95 − 19.1936)
f= = = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟕𝟐 𝐌𝐏𝐚
I 2,882,681.002

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