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Polarity

This document discusses polarity and intermolecular forces. It defines ionic and covalent bonds, including polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Electronegativity differences determine bond polarity. Polar bonds result in dipoles, while nonpolar bonds do not. Molecular polarity is determined by bond polarity and molecular shape. Intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and dispersion forces influence melting and boiling points.

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Evangelene Esquillo Sana
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226 views22 pages

Polarity

This document discusses polarity and intermolecular forces. It defines ionic and covalent bonds, including polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Electronegativity differences determine bond polarity. Polar bonds result in dipoles, while nonpolar bonds do not. Molecular polarity is determined by bond polarity and molecular shape. Intermolecular forces including hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and dispersion forces influence melting and boiling points.

Uploaded by

Evangelene Esquillo Sana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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+

Polarity and
Intermolecular Forces
+
Types of bonds

 Ionic – transfer of e- from one atom to another


 Covalent - sharing of e- between atoms
a) nonpolar covalent – equal sharing of e-
b) polar covalent – unequal sharing of e-
+
Polar bonds and Electronegativity

 Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to


attract electrons in a chemical bond
 Polarbonds result when a highly
electronegative atom bonds to a less
electronegative atom
+
Determining Polarity

A covalent bond is polar if there is a


significant difference between the
electronegativities of the two atoms (see
below):

Electronegativity Type of Bond


Difference
0-0.3 Nonpolar covalent

0.4-1.9 Polar covalent

2.0 or greater Ionic


+
Polar-covalent bonds and Dipoles

Electronegativity of Electronegativity of
4.0
2.5

Fluorine has a stronger attraction for the


electrons. They are still shared, but spend more
time around the fluorine giving partial opposite
charges to opposite ends of the bond (a dipole)
+
Nonpolar Bond (no dipole) vs.
Polar Bond (dipole)

+
+ -
+
Showing Polarity of a Bond
Give the electronegativity difference and
+ determine the bond type in the following
molecules
1) CH4 1) polar
2) HCl 2) polar
3) NaF 3) ionic
4) MgCl2 4) ionic
5) SO2 5) polar
6) NH3 6) polar
7) H2O 7) polar
8) KCl 8) ionic
9) CsF 9) ionic
10) Cl2 10) nonpolar
+
Determining Polarity of Molecules
 Ifone end of a molecule is slightly positive and
another end is slightly negative the molecule is
polar

 Polarity depends on the shape of the molecule

 Ex. CO2 (nonpolar) and H2O (polar)


+
To determine polarity of a
molecule you need the following:
 Lewis Structure
 AXE designation and molecular shape
(using your chart)
 Ifsurrounding atoms are identical in the
following shapes, the molecule has no
dipole (it’s nonpolar):
linear, trigonal planar, or tetrahedral
+
Determine the Polarity of the
following molecules:
1) Water

2) Carbon tetrachloride

3) Carbon dioxide

4) Methyl chloride (CH3Cl)

5) Sulfur dioxide

6) Boron trichloride
+
Water
+
Carbon Tetrachloride
+
Carbon Dioxide
+
Methyl Chloride
+
Sulfur Dioxide
+
Boron Trifluoride
+
Intermolecular forces – the
attractions between molecules
 Determine whether a compound is a solid,
liquid or gas at a given temperature
(determine melting and boiling points of
substances)
3 Main Types:
a) Hydrogen bonding
b) Dipole-dipole interactions
c) Dispersion forces
+
Hydrogen Bonding

 Attraction
formed between the hydrogen atom of
one molecule and an electronegative atom of an
adjacent molecule (O, N, or F)

A type of dipole interaction and the strongest


intermolecular force
+
Dipole-dipole interactions
 Dipolesinteract by the positive end of one
molecule being attracted to the negative
end of another molecule (similar to but
much weaker than ionic bonds)
+
Dispersion Forces
 Caused by electron motion.
Electrons around one
molecule momentarily repel
electrons a nearby molecule
creating a momentary
charge difference
 Canexist between nonpolar
molecules as well as polar
 Weakest intermolecular
force but increases as the
number of electrons
increases
+
Intermolecular forces and
melting/boiling point

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