Bit

►A binary digit either zero or one is known as a bit

►In RAM an Registers an electronic device known
as transistor can hold one bit
►In magnetic disk, a magnetic charge can hold
one bit
►In CDs, the flat surface represents a ONE and an
invisible curve on the surface represents a ZERO
►A byte is a combination of 8-bits
►A byte can hold one character, for example ‘a’,
‘b’, … occupy one byte (8-bits) each
►A byte is considered to be a basic unit of
measuring the size of files and storage devices
►Normally we use Byte, KB (Kilo Byte), MB
(Mega Byte), GB (Giga Byte), and TB (Tera
Byte) as the measuring unit
►Collection of Bytes or Characters
that define one entity is known as
an Element
►For example the name is a filed
which may be composed of many
characters like “John Smith”
►A collection of related fields or elements is
termed as record
►For example the record of and employee
will have the fields like name, address,
EMPCODE, Department, and JOBTITLE etc
►Each field in a record may have a different
length and data type
►A file holds a collection of records
►All the records in one file are normally
similar, for example a file of records of
employees
 Bit

Byte or character

Field or Element

Record

File
►A database is a collection of related
information in organize manner.

► The data stored in a database is Constant

►Asoftware which can be used to create,
maintain and work with databases.
► store data which are too large to be managed on
paper or through simple spreadsheets.
► Most businesses use databases for accounts,
inventory, personnel, and other record keeping.
► Databases are also becoming more widely used by
home users for address books, cd collections,
recipe archives, etc.
► There are very few fields in which databases
cannot be used.
► File management software

 File management software are normally

written in different languages keeping in
mind a particular business problem, by
different programmers
 Some standard file management software
are also available, which only fit for the
standard business operations e.g., payroll
system etc
► File management software
 A file management software makes the files
dependent on a particular file management
software, due to which the files of one file
management software normally cannot be
used with any other file management software
► Database
 As we just studied that a file is a collection of
related records
 We can define database in terms of files as
“collection of related files having records”
 Most important feature of the database
software is that it makes the data files
independent of the application using it
 DBMS operates between
application programs and
the data Accounts
Application

Database
Students Management Administration
database System Application

Enrolment
application
► Advantagesof Database software over the
file management software

 Data Independence
 Data Redundancy
 Data Integrity
► Data Independence

Files Application Files Application

Modifications Modifications

Database
Files Application Files software

File Management Software

► Data Redundancy
 Data redundancy means the repetition of
certain records or fields in various files, this
normally happens in file management software
where each department is using independent
file management software
► Data Redundancy

Students Accounts
 If you are using
Files Application students file at three
different places using
Students Administration
a file management
Files Application software, the student
records will be
Students repeated at different
Enrolment
Files application locations, in other
words data will be
redundant
 Accounts
Application  The database
software removes*
Students Administration the data
Files Application
redundancy by
centralizing the
Enrolment data into one
application database and all
the application can
access the same
data
  Suppose a student
► Data Integrity needs to change
his home address,
data needs to be
modified in all the
Chang Students Accounts record files, it
e Files Application means the system
lacks the data
Chang Students Administration integrity
e Files Application

Chang Students Enrolment

e Files application
► Data Integrity A database
software can
implement the
Accounts data integrity
Application because the
data is
centralized in
Chang Students
Administration one database
e Files Application

Enrolment
application
 Data redundancy and data integrity
are interrelated a system having the
data redundancy will always lack the
data integrity and vice versa
► Flat-file text databases

► Hierarchical databases

► Network databases

► Relational databases

► Object Oriented databases

► Components of DBMS
 Data dictionary/directory
 Data languages
 Teleprocessing monitors
 Application development system
 Security software
 Archiving and recovery system
 Report writers
 SQL and other Query languages
► Components of DBMS
 Data dictionary/directory
► The data dictionary contains the names and description
of every field
studentid Integer Width 4
studentname Char Width 25
fathername Char Width 25
departmentid Integer Width 2
Joiningdate Date NA
address Char Width 50
email Char Width 30
phone Char Width 25
► Components of DBMS
 Data languages
►To define the entries in the data dictionary special
language is used which is known as DDL (Data
Definition Language or Data Description Language)
►This language is concerned with the database
administrators
► Components of DBMS
 Teleprocessing monitors
►A teleprocessing monitor is a communication
software package that manages communications
between the database and remote terminals
►The example is a transaction from a remote terminal
to the database
►The teleprocessing monitors is normally a part of
DBMS
► Components of DBMS
 Application development system
►An application development system is a set of
programs designed to help programmers in
developing the applications that use the database
►Application development system may or may not be
a component of a DBMS
►For example “Oracle Forms” is a application
development package shipped with Oracle DBMS
► Components of DBMS
 Security software
►A security software package provides a variety of
tools to protect the database from unauthorized
access
►Security software also protects data from getting
corrupt of being damaged
►Oracle corporation claims to have absolute security
on their DBMS
► Components of DBMS
 Archiving and recovery system
►Archiving or Backup provides a way to make copies
of the database, which can be used in case the
original database records are damaged
►Recovery system restores damaged the data from its
copy
► Components of DBMS
 Report writers
►A report writer allows programmers, managers and
other users to design output reports without writing
much code in any programming language
► Components of DBMS
 SQL and Other Query Languages
►A query language consists of set of commands used
for updating, inserting, and deleting records from a
database
►SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard
query language that has become a standard for
about all the Database management systems
► Delimited
text files
► Comma-separated variable (CSV) files
► records together like a family tree such
that each record type has only one owner.
► each record having one parent record and
many children
► Top to Bottom approach
► thenetwork model allows each record to
have multiple parent and child records
► Data is stored as objects and can be
interpreted only using the methods
specified by its class.
► data items organized as a set of formally-
described tables from which data can be
accessed or reassembled in many different
ways without having to reorganize the
database tables.
describe the data requirements and
assumptions in the system
► One to One
► One to Many
► Many to One
► Many to Many
► Primary Key

► Foreign Key /Secondary Key

► Composite Key
 Dataflow Notations

Datastore Notations

External Entity Notations

► 1st Normal Form
► 2nd Normal Form
► 3rd Normal Form
► 4th Normal Form
► 5th Normal Form
1NF Eliminate Repeating Groups - Make a separate table for each set of
related attributes, and give each table a primary key.

2NF Eliminate Redundant Data - If an attribute depends on only part of a

multi-valued key, remove it to a separate table.

3NF Eliminate Columns Not Dependent On Key - If attributes do not

contribute to a description of the key, remove them to a separate table.

BCNF Boyce-Codd Normal Form - If there are non-trivial dependencies

between candidate key attributes, separate them out into distinct
tables.
4NF Isolate Independent Multiple Relationships - No table may contain two
or more 1:n or n:m relationships that are not directly related.

5NF Isolate Semantically Related Multiple Relationships - There may be

practical constrains on information that justify separating logically
related many-to-many relationships.

ONF Optimal Normal Form - a model limited to only simple (elemental) facts,
as expressed in Object Role Model notation.

DKNF Domain-Key Normal Form - a model free from all modification