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Spirochete

Spirochetes are long, helical bacteria that include Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira genera. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis through sexual contact. It has primary, secondary, and congenital stages. Borrelia recurrentis causes relapsing fever transmitted by body lice or ticks. Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease transmitted by ticks. Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis in rodents and sometimes domestic animals transmitted through contact with infected urine. Laboratory diagnosis uses dark field microscopy, culture, and serology. Treatment depends on the specific bacteria but may include penicillin or doxycycline.

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511 views32 pages

Spirochete

Spirochetes are long, helical bacteria that include Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira genera. Treponema pallidum causes syphilis through sexual contact. It has primary, secondary, and congenital stages. Borrelia recurrentis causes relapsing fever transmitted by body lice or ticks. Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease transmitted by ticks. Leptospira interrogans causes leptospirosis in rodents and sometimes domestic animals transmitted through contact with infected urine. Laboratory diagnosis uses dark field microscopy, culture, and serology. Treatment depends on the specific bacteria but may include penicillin or doxycycline.

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TOPIC : SPIROCHETE

PRESENTD BY,
Mrs, Sayma Mansuri
1st Year M.sc Nursing
Roll no: 03
NCN, Visnagar
SPIROCHETE
 INTRIDUCTION

 Long helical, corkscrew shaped motile bacteria


with tight or loose spiral depending on the
shape.
 Gram negative measure 0.1 to 3µm by 5 to
120µm.
 Replication is slow
 CLASSIFICATION
Genus Species Diseases
T. Pallidum Syphilis
Treponema T. Pertenue Yaws
T. Carateum
Pinta
T. Endemicum
Endemic syphilis
B.Recurrentis Relapsing fever
Borrelia B.Vincentii Vincent’s angina
B. Burgdorferi
Lyme disease
Leptospira L. Interrogans Leptospirosis
L. Biflexa Saprophytes
TREPONEMA
 Treponema palldium is the causative agent of syphilis.
 It is thin, delicate spirochete with tapering ends,
having about ten regular spirals.
 It is about 10µm long and 0.1-0.2 µm wide.
 It is actively motile, showing rotation the long axis,
 Backward and forward movement and flexion of the
whole body.
Conti...

 Treponema palldium cannot be seen by light


microscope.
 The treponema reduce silver nitrate to metallic silver
that is deposited on the surface enlarging the
diameter of the organism.
 PATHOGENESIS :
 Natural infection with Treponema pallidum
occurs only in human beings.
 Venereal syphilis is acquired by sexual contact.
 The treponema enter the body through
minute abrasions on the skin or mucosa.
 Clinical disease sets in after an incubation
periods of about ( 10- 90 days)
Conti...
There mainly three clinical stages:

 Primary syphilis:
 papules appears on the genital area that forming
ulcerative.
 It is painless , indurate and a circumscribed lesion.
 Heals within 10-40 days.
Conti....
 Secondary syphilis:
 After healing of primary lesion the patient remains
asymptomatic for 2 to 6 month
 The secondary lesions are due to widespread
multiplication of the treponems heir dissemination
through the blood.
Conti....
Congenital syphilis:
 The treponems can cross the placental barrier.
 Infection in fetous usally occurs from primary and
secondary infection of the mother.
Conti....
 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS :
 Serological test:
Non- treponemal test:
VDRL( venereal disease research laboratory)
RPR ( rapid plasma regain)
Treponemal tests:
TPI test (using live T. pallidum)
( Treponema palidium immobilization)
Conti...
TPA (Treponema palladium agglutination)
TPIA (Treponema palladium immune
Adherence)
FTA (Fluorescent treponemal antibody)
FTA-ABS (Fluorescent treponemal
Antibody absorption)
TPHA (Treponema palladium
Heamagglutination assay)
Conti....
CHOICE OF SEROLOGICAL TEST
 VDRL or RPR tests are used for screening or for
diagnostic purpose of large number of sera.
 Treponemal tests ( TPHA or FTA-ABS) are used to
confirm the diagnosis with a positive regain test.
Conti......
 Treatment:
Early syphilis: primary , secondary and latent infection
of two years duration;
 Benzathine benzyl penicillin 24lacs unit IM in a single
dose after sensitivity test.
 Alternatively, doxycycline 100mg twice a day , orally
for 15 days.
Conti....
Late syphilis:
Infection more than two years duration is
included in late syphilis.
Benzathine benzyl penicillin 24 lacs units,
IM, once weekly for three weeks.
BORRELIA
 Borrelia differ from other apitochaetes in being
larger with 3- 10 irregular wide and open coils.
 They are motile, refractive spirochetes, stain readily
with ordinary dyes and are gram negative
Conti....
A. BORRELIA RECURRENTIS
 Relapsing fever is an arthropod- borne infection, two
types which are louse borne, tick borne.
 Borrelia measure 8-20µm × 0.2-0.5µm.
 They motile, gram negative and possess 5-8 irregular
spirals.
Conti...
PATHOGENESIS :
 Relapsing fever is transmitted by infected vectors:
body louse or tick. Incubation period varies between2
to 10 days.
 Disease is characterized by febrile episode of sudden
onset.
 The fever subside after 3- 5 days. There are 3- 10 such
relapses and then the disease ultimately subside.
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS :
 Dark ground microscopy
 Giemsa or leishman stain
 Culture and serology

TREATMENT:
Tetracycline,
Chloramphenicol,
Penicillin,
Erythromycin.
Conti...
B. BORRELIA VINCENTII
 It is a motile spirochete, about 5- 20µm long and 0.2-
0.6µm wide, with coils of variable size.
 It is easily stained with dilute carbol fuchsin, methyl
violet and is gram negative.
 Under predisposing condition such as malnutrition
or viral infection. it gives rise to ulcerative
gingivostomatitis or oropharyngitis.
 Penicillin and metronidazole are effective in
treatment.
C. BORRELIA BURGDORFERI
 Borrelia burgdorferi causes lyme disease.
 It measure 4-30µm × 0.2-0.25 µm, it is flexible, helical
and gram negative.
 Rodents, deer and other mammals are the natural
reservoir hosts. lxodid ticks are the vectors.
 Borrelia burgdorferi produce lyme disease and
incubation period is about 3-30 days.
 Tetracycline, penicillin and erythromycin have been
used for treatment.
LEPTOSPIRA
The genus leptospira is now classified in to two
species:
 Leptospira interrgans
 Leptospira biflexa
Conti...
LEPTOSPIRA INTERRGANS
 This are the spiral bacteria, 5-20 µm × 0.1µm with
numerous closely set coils and hooked ends.
 They are actively motile.
 Leptospira interrogans causes a zoonotic disease
named leptospirosis in rodents and sometime
domestic animals.
 After an incubation periods of 6-8 days. The
organisms disappear from the blood but enter into
the liver, kidney, spleen and meningitis.
 Laboratory diagnosis depends on demonstration of
the leptospires microscopically in blood or urine ,
culture ,animal inoculation, serological tests.

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