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Disease Transmission Cycle

The document discusses the six components of the disease transmission cycle, also known as the chain of infection. These six components are: (1) the infectious agent, (2) the reservoir or source of the agent, (3) the portal of exit from the reservoir, (4) the mode of transmission, (5) the portal of entry into a new host, and (6) the susceptible host. Understanding this cycle can help prevent and treat infectious diseases by breaking the chain of transmission.

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Reeycha Shrestha
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1K views17 pages

Disease Transmission Cycle

The document discusses the six components of the disease transmission cycle, also known as the chain of infection. These six components are: (1) the infectious agent, (2) the reservoir or source of the agent, (3) the portal of exit from the reservoir, (4) the mode of transmission, (5) the portal of entry into a new host, and (6) the susceptible host. Understanding this cycle can help prevent and treat infectious diseases by breaking the chain of transmission.

Uploaded by

Reeycha Shrestha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DISEASE TRANSMISSION

CYCLE

Prepared by
Richa Shrestha
PBBN 2nd yr, 9th batch
Charak Academy
Infection

• Infection is the invasion of the body by pathogenic or


microorganisms.

• Infectious disease results from the interaction of an


agent ,a host , and an environment.

• Most of these diseases follow a typical chain of


infection that ends with an infected host.
Cont…

• There are 6 components in this cycle which are also


known as the Chain of infection.

• Understanding the chain of infection can help with


both the prevention and treatment of infectious
diseases.
Cont…

• The 6 components of chain of infection are :-


1. The infectious agent
2. Reservoir (source)
3. Portal of exit from reservoir
4. Mode of transmission
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host
1. Infectious agent
Cont…

• The first link in the chain of infection is a microbial


agent , which may be a bacteria , virus , fungus or
parasite.

• The ability of the infectious agent to cause disease


depends on its pathogenicity , virulence, invasiveness
and specificity.

• Pathogenicity is the organisms ability to harm and to


cause disease.
Cont…

• Virulence relates to the vigor with which the organism


can grow and multiply.

• Invasiveness describes the organisms ability to enter


tissues, specially refers to the organisms attraction to a
specific host , which may include humans.

• The more pathogenic virulent and invasive the


organism, the more likely that it can overcome normal
body defense causing an infection.
2. Reservoir (source)

• A reservoir is a place where a pathogen can survive but


may or mayn’t multiply.

• Inanimate objects include medications , air, food, water


or any other material on which the organism can find
nourishment or lie dormant and survive.

• Human sources include other clients, health care


personnel, family members, visitors and clients
themselves.
Cont…

• Eg :- Humans are the reservoir of tubercle bacilli and


syphilis spirochete. Soil is the reservoir of organisms
that causes gas gangrene and tetanus.
3.Portal of exit

• Before an infection can establish itself in a host , the


microorganism must leave the reservoir.

• Common human reservoirs and their associated portal


of exit are nose, mouth, urethra, vagina, wound etc.
4. Mode of transmission

• After a microorganism leaves its sources of the


reservoir , it requires a means of transmission to reach
another person or host through a portal of entry.

- Direct transmission
- Indirect transmission
Cont…

• Direct transmission
Organisms can be transmitted directly from person to
person through droplet infection, infected hands, sexual
contact etc.

• Indirect transmission
Contact with the secretions and excretions of the
infected person through fomites (instruments and
utensils) , through contaminated food and water,
insects, dusts and carrier.
5. Portal of entry

• From the vehicle of transmission, the microorganisms


reach the human body through the portal of entry
which may be mouth, nose or through the cracked
skin.
6. Susceptible host

• Any person can be at risk for infection.

• Compromised host are the persons at increased risk.

• Body’s defense and other factors can affect


susceptibility to infection.
Cont…

• There are many other factors which influence the


host’s susceptibility.

• Eg :- Body’s resistance to disease, age, sex, race,


climate, general health status or any medication etc.
References
• Rekha timalsina , Janaki dhami , Essential textbook of
fundamental of nursing, samiksha publication pvt.ltd ,3rd
edition 2019, pg-119 to 123.
• Sumita pathak , Rama devkota , A textbook of fundamentals of
nursing, vidyarthi pustak bhandar , revised edition 2015, pg-
342 to 345.
• Merina giri , Pratima sharma , Essential fundamentals of
nursing, medhavi publication, 1st edition 2013, pg- 267 to 269.
• Merina giri, Pratima sharma, essential fundamentals of
nursing , medhavi publication, 1st edition, 2013. pg- 267 to 269.
• www.wikipedia.com

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