INTRODUCTION

Steelwork specification. The purpose of a structural steelwork specification is to

state what materials and products should be used and how work (fabrication and
erection) should be carried out, in order to ensure that the completed structure
meets the designer's assumptions and the client's needs
DEFINATION AND TERMINOLOGY
 Bead : A single run of weld metal deposited on
surface.
 Butt weld :A weld in which the weld metal lies
substantially within the extension of the planes arc the
surfaces on the parts joined.
 Crater : A depression left in weld metal where the arc
was broken or the flame was removed.
 End crater : A crater at the end of a weld or at the
end of a joint.
 Fillet weld : A weld of approximately triangular cross-
section joining two surfaces approximately at the right
angles to each other in a lap joint, tee joint or corner
joint. It is of two types: (1) Continuous (2) Intermittent.
 Fusion welding : Any welding process in which the
weld is made between metals in a state of fusion
without hammering or pressure.
 No – fusion welding : A term applied to the
deposition, by the Oxy-Acetylene process of filler metal
on parent metal without fusion of the latter.
 Run : The metal deposited during one passage of the
electrode or blow pipe in the making of a joint.
 Throat thickness:
 Weld : A union between two pieces of metal at faces
rendered plastic or liquid by heat or pressure, or both,
Filler metal may be used to effect the union.
 MANDATORY
TESTS
 Tensile strength : The results of such tests
are used for two primary purposes
namely
 engineering design (e.g. failure theories
based on strength, or deflections
based on elastic constants and
component geometry), and
 quality control either by the producer
of steel to verify the process or by the
end user to confirm the material
specifications.

Typical tensile test sample

Universal testing machine

 Bend test : The bend test is a
simple and inexpensive
qualitative test that can be used
to evaluate both the ductility
and soundness of a material. It is
often used as a quality control
test for butt-welded joints, having
the advantage of simplicity of
both test piece and equipment.
 Flattening test : is to test the
ultimate plastic deformation Wrap- around bend test
ability of seamless steel pipes Guided bend test
under the given conditions
and crush deformation
without crack defects. The
principle is to apply the Side bend test
length of the seamless steel
pipe to the specified length
of the end of the sample or
seamless steel pipes. The
force is pressed until the
distance between the two
platens under the action of
force reaches the value
specified by the relevant
product standard.

Flattening test
Materials

 Micro alloying elements : Elements such as niobium, boron, vanadium and titanium
added singly or in combination to obtain higher strength to weight ratio and better
toughness, formability and weldability as compared to unalloyed steel of similar strength
level.
 Weldability :A metallic substance is considered to be weldable by a given process and
for the given purpose, when metallic continuity to a stated degree can be obtained by
welding using a suitable procedure, so that the joints comply with the requirements
specified in regard to both their local properties and their influence on the construction of
which they form a part.
 Controlled rolling : A hot rolling process in which the temperature of the steel and its
reduction ratio are controlled, particularly during the final rolling passes, in order to
achieve fine grain micro structure and optimum mechanical properties.
 Normalizing rolling :A hot rolling process in which the final rolling passes are carried out
at a suitable higher temperature, followed by cooling in natural air to a temperature
below the transformation temperature, in order to produce a structure, analogous to that
obtained by a separate normalizing treatment of hot rolled product.
Steel

 Supply of material : General requirements relating to supply of structural steel

shall conform to IS 8910.
 Grades : : There shall be nine grades of steel as given in Tables 10.1 and 10.2.
While placing the order the steel should be designated by ‘Designation’
 Manufacture : The processes used in the steel making and further hot rolling into
steel plates, strips, sections, flats, bars, etc., are left to the discretion of the
manufacturer/supplier.
 Freedom from defects : The finished material shall be reasonably free from
surface flaws; laminations; rough/ jagged and imperfect edges and all other
harmful defects.
 Chemical composition : Ladle Analysis the ladle analysis of the steel, when
carried out by the method specified in the relevant part of IS 228 or any other
established instrumental /chemical method, shall be as given in Table 10.1.
 Rivets

 Rivets shall be made from rivet bars of mild steel as per IS 1148.

AS PER IS 1148
 Rivet bars shall be made from the steel manufactured by open-hearth,
electric, duplex, basic oxygen or a combination of these processes. In case
any other process is employed by the manufacturer, prior approval of the
purchaser should be obtained.
 Steel shall be supplied semi-killed or killed.
 Unless specified otherwise, bars shall be supplied in hot-rolled condition.
Bolts

 These are of two types namely TURNED AND FITTED BOLTS and BLACK BOLTS.
Turned & fitted bolts are turned to exact diameter in automatic lathe. For
these bolts, whether reamed or drilled bolts, the same unit stresses are
allowed as for rivets. In case of black bolts which are not finished to exact
sizes, a lower working stress other than for turned bolts is adopted. They shall
conform to IS 1367 – Technical supply conditions for threaded steel
fasteners.
Electrodes

 The electrodes required for metal arc welding shall be covered electrodes
and shall conform to IS 814.
 Steel work in single section
 Fabrication The steel sections as specified shall be straightened and cut square to correct lengths and
measured with a steel tape. The cut ends exposed to view shall be finished smooth. No two pieces shall be welded
or otherwise jointed to make up the required length of member. All straightening and shaping to form, shall be
done by pressure. Bending or cutting shall be carried out in such a manner as not to impair the strength of the
metal.

 Painting All surfaces which are to be painted, oiled or otherwise treated shall be dry and thoroughly cleaned to
remove all loose scale and loose rust. Surfaces not in contact but inaccessible after shop assembly, shall receive
the full specified protective treatment before assembly. This does not apply to the interior of sealed hollow
sections. Part to be encased in concrete shall not be painted or oiled. A priming coat of approved steel primer
such as Red Oxide/Zinc Chromate primer conforming to IS 2074 shall be applied before any member of steel
structure are placed in position or taken out of workshop.

 Erection Steel work shall be hoisted and placed in position carefully without any damage to itself and other
building work and injury to workmen. Where necessary mechanical appliances such as lifting tackle winch etc.
shall be used. The suitability and capacity of all plant and equipment used for erection shall be upto the
satisfaction of the Engineer-in-charge.

 Measurements The work as fixed in place shall be measured in running metres correct to a millimetre and
weights calculated on the basis of standard tables correct to the nearest kilogram. The standard weight of steel
sections shall conform to IS 808 with tolerance in sizes as per IS 1852. Tolerance in weight is given in Table 10.3. Steel
sections shall be acceptable within tolerance limits. Payment for steel sections shall be made as per actual weight
within tolerances. Sections having weight on higher side than permissible CPWD SPECIFICATIONS 2009 402
tolerance, may be acceptable but payment shall be made on the basis of standard weight only. Steel sections
having weight variations lower side than permissible variation shall not be acceptable.

 Rate Rate includes the cost of labour and materials required for all the operations described above.
Steel work in built up section (riveted
and bolted )
 Laying out A figure of the steel structure to be fabricated shall be drawn on a level platform to full scale. This may be done in full or in
parts, as shown on drawings or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. Steel tape shall be used for measurements.
 FabricationFabrication shall generally be done as specified in IS 800. In major works or where so specified, shop drawings giving
complete information for the fabrication of the component parts of the structure including the location, type, size, length and details or
rivets, bolts or welds, shall be prepared in advance of the actual fabrication and approved by the Engineer-in-charge. The drawings
shall indicate the shop and field rivets, bolts and welds. The steel members shall be distinctly marked or stenciled with paint with the
identification marks as given in the shop drawings. Great accuracy shall be observed in the fabrication of various members, so that
these can be assembled without being unduly packed, strained or forced into position and when built up, shall be true and free from
twist, kinks, buckles or open joints. Wooden or metal sheet templates shall be made to correspond to each member, and position of rivet
holes shall be marked accurately on them and holes drilled. The templates shall then be laid on the steel members, and holes for riveting
and bolting marked on them. The ends of the steel members shall also be marked for cutting as per required dimensions. The base of
steel columns and the positions of anchor bolts shall be carefully set out at the required location.
Making holes – rivet holes
Assembly
Riveting
Bolting
 Erection Steel members shall be hoisted and erected in position carefully, without any damage to itself, other structures and equipment
and injury to workmen. The method of hoisting and erection proposed to be adopted by the contractor shall be got approved from the
Engineer-in-charge in advance. The contractor however shall be fully responsible for the work being carried out in a safe and proper
manner without unduly stressing the various members and proper equipment such as derricks, lifting tackles, winches, ropes etc. shall be
used.
Steel work in built up section (welded )
The steel work in built up sections (welded) such as in trusses, form work
etc.

 Layout A figure of the steel structure to be fabricated shall be drawn on a level

platform to full scale. This may be done in full or in parts, as shown on drawings
or as directed by the Engineer-in-Charge. Steel tape shall be used for
measurements.
 Fabrication Straightening, shaping to form, cutting and assembling, shall be as
per 10.3.2 as far as applicable, except that the words “riveted or bolted” shall
be read as “welded” and holes shall only be used for the bolts used for
temporary fastening as shown in drawings.
 Measurements The mode of measurements shall be the same as specified in
10.2.4 except that weight of welding material shall not be added in the weight
of members for payment and nothing extra shall be paid for making and filling
holes for temporary fastening of members during erection before welding.
 Rates The rate shall include the cost of all labour and materials involved in all
the operations described above
Collapsible steel gate

 Fixing T- iron rails shall be fixed to the floor and to the Lintel at top by means of anchor bolts embedded
in cement concrete of floor and lintel. The anchor bolts shall be placed approximately at 45 cm centres
alternatively in the two flanges of the T- iron. The bottom runner (T- iron) shall be embedded in the floor
and proper groove shall be formed along the runner for the purpose. The collapsible shutter shall be
fixed at sides by fixing the end double channel with T-iron rails and also by hold- fasts bolted to the end
double channel and fixed in masonry of the side walls on the other side. In case the collapsible shutter is
not required to reach the lintel, beam or slab level, a Tee-section suitably designed may be fixed at the
top, embedded in masonry and provided with necessary clamps and roller arrangement at the top. All
the adjoining work damaged in fixing of gate shall be made good to match the existing work, without
any extra cost.
 Painting All the members of the collapsible gate including T-iron shall be thoroughly cleaned off rust,
scales, dust etc. and given a priming coat of approved steel primer conforming to IS 2074 before fixing
them in position.
 Measurements The height and breadth shall be measured correct to a cm. The height of the gate shall
be measured as the length of the double channels and breadth from outside to outside of the end fixed
double channels in open position, of the gate. The area shall be calculated in square metres, correct to
two places of decimal.
 Rates The rate shall include the cost of materials and labour involved in all the operations described
above
M.S sheet sliding shutters

 Fitting and fixures The guide rails shall be fixed to the floor by means of anchor bolts
embedded in the cement concrete floor. The steel section at the top shall be suitably
supported from the walls. Two channel sections shall be suitable fixed vertically below the
extreme clamps in the wall and floor to avoid the shutter from going out of the supports at
top and bottom. A suitable clamping arrangement will be provided at either end of the
opening to avoid the shutters from rolling back into the opening. All the adjoining work
damaged in fixing shall be made good to match the existing work.
 Painting All members of the sliding shutters including fittings shall be thoroughly cleaned of
rust, scales, dust etc. and given a priming coat of approved steel primer i.e. Red oxide zinc
chrome primer conforming to IS 2074 before fixing them in position.
 Measurements The height and width shall be measured correct to a cm and its area for
payment shall be calculated in square metres correct to two places of decimal. The
height of the shutter shall be measured from outside to outside of the guide rail and width
out side to out side of the shutter including the vertical position channels in sides, when
shutter closed.
 Rate The rate shall include the cost of materials and labour involved in all the operation
described above. It also includes the cost of the full length of guide rails.
M.S sheet shutters

 Fixing
 Painting
 Measurements
 Rates
Rolling shutter

 Shutter
 Spring
 Roller and brackets
 Guide channels
 Cover
 Fixing
 Measurements
 Rate
Rolling grills shutters

 Shutters
 Measurements and rates
Steel doors , windows , ventilators and
composite units
 Fabrications
 Doors
 Windows
 Ventilators
 Composite units
 Glazing
 Finishes
 Fixing
 Precautions
 Measurements
 Rates
New trends in steel work