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Prelims For Ethics

This document discusses several key topics in philosophy and ethics: 1. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and outlines some of its main branches like metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and logic. 2. Ethics is defined as moral philosophy concerned with principles of right and wrong governing people's behavior. 3. The document examines important ethical concepts like moral and immoral acts, moral dilemmas, determinants of morality, and theories of moral development.

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Myra L. Somera
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217 views20 pages

Prelims For Ethics

This document discusses several key topics in philosophy and ethics: 1. It defines philosophy as the love of wisdom and outlines some of its main branches like metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and logic. 2. Ethics is defined as moral philosophy concerned with principles of right and wrong governing people's behavior. 3. The document examines important ethical concepts like moral and immoral acts, moral dilemmas, determinants of morality, and theories of moral development.

Uploaded by

Myra L. Somera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHILOSOPHY

- “philos” (love) and “sophia” (wisdom).


-academic study of anything
1st universities of the Western World
1. Plato-Academy
2. Aristotle-Lyceum ( a way of asking
big questions)
Branches of Philosophy:
1. Metaphysics- nature of reality
2. Epistemology- deals and studies the scope of
knowledge
3. Value Theory
a. Ethics- how humans should live with each other
b. Aesthetics- it's all about beauty and arts
4. Logic- exact and precise
- toolbox of a philosopher
- it's all about reasoning
ETHICS
- Greek “ethos” which means a characteristic
way of acting which also refers to the
principles and standards of human conduct.
-also known as MORAL PHILOSOPHY
-a Practical Sciece
(PRAXIS- Theory + Practice)
MISCONCEPTIONS ON ETHICS:
1. Feelings
- deviates from what is ethical
2. Religion
- ethics is not confined from religion
3. Law
- what may be legal may not be necessarily ethical
4. Society
- what may the society accepts is not necessarily
ethical
WHY IS ETHICS IMPORTANT:
- it will be a guide to reach our goal
- deepen our reflection how to live better
- offers wider perspective of the world
- reminds our duties, responsibilities and
accountabilities
- encourages to examine our life
- helps us realize what we ought to be for a beautiful
world
MORAL ACTS
- good actions that result in good consequences
IMMORAL ACTS
- evil and wrong in itself; sinful actions according to
the code of ethics
AMORAL ACTS
- neither good or bad
-exhibit indifference
neutral
MORAL DILLEMAS
- situation in ethics where the human person is to
choose between two possible alternatives and the options
become limited
NON-MORAL DILEMMAS
- happens when we cannot make a distinction
between a good act from an evil act (e.g. what shoes to
wear)
DISTINCTION OF ACTIONS
1. Human Acts
- acts which are under the control of the will, done
knowingly and willingly
- responsile (response, able) ability to response
2. Acts of Man
- actions resulting from bodily functions
- ( e.g. breathing, sneezing)
THREE FOLD ELEMENTS OF HUMAN ACTS
1. Knowledge
- awareness of being conscious of one's actions including
its possible consequences
2. Freedom of the will
- the power which human person have in determining
their actions according to the judgement of their reason
3. Voluntariness
- act of consenting or accepting a certain action whether it
is done wholeheartedly, half-heartedly or non-heartedly
ETHICS OF BEING
- emphasis is on the character development which involves
the integrations of values, virtues and personhood
- who is the “good person”

ETHICS OF DOING
- focuses not only on the goodness of the person but on the
ability of the person to put into action his or her ethical
conviction
*on- voluntariness
a. PERFECT VOLUNTARINESS
- actualized by a person who is fully aware and who fully intend on act
b. IMPERFECT VOLUNTARINESS
- seen in a person who acts without the full awareness of his action or
without fully intending on an act.
c. CONDITIONAL VOLUNTARINESS
- manifested by a person who is forced by his cirmcumstances beyond his
control to perform an action which he would not do under normal
conditions
d. SIMPLE VOLUNTARINESS
- exhibited by a person doing an act willfully regardless of whether he like
to do it or not.
DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY
a. OBJECT CHOSEN
- that thing which your action is directed to
b. INTENTION
- the goal/motive of an action
c. CIRCUMSTANCES
- contribute to increasing or diminishing the moral
goodness or evil of human acts
CULTURE AND MORAL BEHAVIORS

CULTURE
- the way that non-material objects like- thoughts, actions,
languages and values- come together with material objects to
form a way of life
- things and ideas
MATERIAL CULTURE
- culture of things
e.g. red-stop; green-go

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
- made up of intangible creations of human society-values,
symbols, customs and ideals
- also called as “formal culture”
- e.g. monument of rizal- heroism/freedom
SYMBOLS
- anything that carries a specific meanings that's recognized by
people who share a culture (e.g. cultures)

VALUES
- cultural standards that people use to decide what's
right/wrong and good/bad.
- they serve as the ideals and guidelines that we live by (e.g.
hospitality, collectivism)
NORMS
- the rukes and expectations that guide behavior within a
society
- what is normal and acceptable for the society
ETHNOCENTRISM
- when we judge some element of another culture, customs,
rituals, etc. from our own cultural perspective

CULTURAL RELATIVISM
- when we look at some aspect of a culture from the
perspective of the other person's culture
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
(HEINZ DILEMMA)
LEVEL 1 - Pre-conventional
Stage 1- Punishment and Obedience
Stage 2- Individual Instrumental Purpose and Exhange

LEVEL 2- Conventional
Stage 3- Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships and
C0onformity (pleasing the society)
Stage 4- Social System and Conscience Maintenance (in
conformity with the rule)
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG'S THEORY OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
(HEINZ DILEMMA)

LEVEL 3- Post-Conventional
Stage 5- Prior Right of Social Contract of Utility (inculcate
value that transcends the law)
Stage 6- Universalized Ethical Principal (you can already fight
for it)

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