Basic Structure of a Cell

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History of Cells & the
Cell Theory

Cell
Virchow Specialization
2
 First to View Cells
• In 1665, Robert
Hooke used a
microscope to
examine a thin
slice of cork
(dead plant cells)
• What he saw
looked like small
boxes
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 First to View Cells
• Hooke is
responsible for
naming cells
• Hooke called them
“CELLS” because
they looked like
the small rooms
that monks lived in
called Cells
4
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• In 1673,
Leeuwenhoek (a
Dutch microscope
maker), was first to
view organism (living
things)
• Leeuwenhoek used a
simple, handheld
microscope to view
pond water &
scrapings from his
teeth 5
Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1838, a
German botanist
named Matthias
Schleiden
concluded that all
plants were made
of cells
• Schleiden is a
cofounder of the
cell theory
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 Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1839, a
German zoologist
named Theodore
Schwann
concluded that
all animals were
made of cells
• Schwann also
cofounded the
cell theory
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Beginning of the Cell Theory
• In 1855, a German
medical doctor named
Rudolph Virchow
observed, under the
microscope, cells
dividing
• He reasoned that all
cells come from other
pre-existing cells by
cell division
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 CELL THEORY
• All living things are
made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in an organism
(basic unit of life)
• Cells come from the
reproduction of existing
cells (cell division)
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 Discoveries
Since the Cell
Theory

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Simple or Complex
Cells

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Cell Size

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Prokaryotes – The first Cells
• Cells that lack a nucleus or
membrane-bound organelles
• Includes bacteria
• Simplest type of cell
• Single, circular chromosome

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 Prokaryotes
• Nucleoid region
(center) contains
the DNA
• Surrounded by cell
membrane & cell
wall (peptidoglycan)
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) in
their cytoplasm to
make proteins
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 Eukaryotes
• Cells that HAVE a
nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
• Includes protists,
fungi, plants, and
animals
• More complex type of
cells

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 Eukaryotic Cell
Contain 3 basic cell
structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles

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 Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell

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Representative Animal Cell

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Representative Plant Cell

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Organelles

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 Organelles
• Very small (Microscopic)
• Perform various functions for a
cell
• Found in the cytoplasm
• May or may not be membrane-
bound

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 Cell or Plasma Membrane
• Composed of double layer of phospholipids and
proteins
• Surrounds outside of ALL cells
• Controls what enters or leaves the cell
• Living layer
Outside
of cell
Carbohydrate
chains
Proteins
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell Protein
(cytoplasm) channel Lipid bilayer 22
 Phospholipids
• Heads contain glycerol &
phosphate and are hydrophilic
(attract water)
• Tails are made of fatty acids
and are hydrophobic (repel
water)
• Make up a bilayer where tails
point inward toward each other
• Can move laterally to allow
small molecules (O2, CO2, &
H2O to enter)
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 The Cell Membrane is Fluid

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving

and changing
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 Cell Membrane Proteins

• Proteins help move large

molecules or aid in cell
recognition
• Peripheral proteins are
attached on the surface
(inner or outer)
• Integral proteins are
embedded completely
through the membrane

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 Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals

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 Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances

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 Cell Membrane in Plants
Cell membrane
• Lies immediately
against the cell
wall in plant cells
• Pushes out
against the cell
wall to maintain
cell shape

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 Cell Wall Cell wall

• Found outside of the cell

membrane
• Nonliving layer
• Supports and protects
cell
• Found in plants, fungi, &
bacteria
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin

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 Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm

• Jelly-like
substance enclosed
by cell membrane
• Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
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 More on Cytoplasm
cytoplasm

• Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs

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The Control Organelle - Nucleus
• Controls the normal
activities of the cell
• Contains the DNA in
chromosomes
• Bounded by a
nuclear envelope
(membrane) with
pores
• Usually the largest
organelle 32
 More on the Nucleus
Nucleus

• Each cell has fixed

number of
chromosomes that
carry genes
• Genes control cell
characteristics
33
 Nuclear Envelope
• Double membrane surrounding
nucleus
• Also called nuclear membrane
• Contains nuclear pores for
materials to enter & leave
nucleus

Nuclear
pores

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 Inside the Nucleus -
The genetic material (DNA) is found

DNA is spread out DNA is condensed &

And appears as wrapped around proteins
CHROMATIN forming
in non-dividing cells as CHROMOSOMES
in dividing cells
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 What Does DNA do?
DNA is the hereditary
material of the cell

Genes that make up the DNA

molecule code for different
proteins

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 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Disappears when
cell divides
• Makes ribosomes
that make
proteins

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 Cytoskeleton
• Helps cell maintain cell
shape
• Also help move
organelles around
• Made of proteins
• Microfilaments are
threadlike & made of
ACTIN
• Microtubules are
tubelike & made of
TUBULIN
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 Cytoskeleton

MICROTUBULES

MICROFILAMENTS

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Centrioles
• Found only in animal
cells
• Paired structures near
nucleus
• Made of bundle of
microtubules
• Appear during cell
division forming mitotic
spindle
• Help to pull chromosome
pairs apart to opposite
ends of the cell
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 Mitochondrion
(plural = mitochondria)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Generate cellular energy
(ATP)
• More active cells like
muscle cells have MORE
mitochondria
• Both plants & animal cells
have mitochondria
• Site of CELLULAR
RESPIRATION (burning
glucose)
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MITOCHONDRIA
Surrounded by a DOUBLE
membrane
Has its own DNA
Folded inner membrane
called CRISTAE
(increases surface area
for more chemical
Reactions)

Interior called MATRIX

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Interesting Fact ---
• Mitochondria
Come from
cytoplasm in the
EGG cell during
fertilization
Therefore …
• You inherit your
mitochondria
from your
mother! 43
 Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
• Network of hollow membrane tubules
• Connects to nuclear envelope & cell
membrane
• Functions in Synthesis of cell products &
Transport

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH 44

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough
ER)
• Has ribosomes
on its surface
• Makes
membrane
proteins and
proteins for
export out of
cell

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(Rough ER)
• Proteins are made
by ribosomes on ER
surface
• They are then
threaded into the
interior of the
Rough ER to be
modified and
transported
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Functions of the Smooth ER

• Makes membrane
lipids (steroids)
• Regulates calcium
(muscle cells)
• Destroys toxic
substances
(Liver)

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 Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected

to cell membrane (transport)
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 Ribosomes
• Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
• “Protein factories” for cell
• Join amino acids to make proteins through
protein synthesis


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Ribosomes
Can be attached to
Rough ER

OR

Be free
(unattached)
in the
cytoplasm
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 Golgi Bodies
• Stacks of flattened
sacs CIS
• Have a shipping
side (cis face) & a
receiving side
(trans face)
• Receive proteins TRANS
made by ER
• Transport vesicles
with modified Transport
proteins pinch off vesicle
the ends 51
 Golgi Bodies
Look like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & package

molecules from ER
for storage OR
transport out of cell
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 Golgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER

to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES 53
 Lysosomes
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food,
bacteria, and worn out
cell parts for cells
• Programmed for cell
death (APOPTOSIS)
• Lyse & release
enzymes to break down
& recycle cell parts)
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 Lysosome Digestion

• Cells take in
food by
phagocytosis
• Lysosomes
digest the food
& get rid of
wastes

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 Cilia & Flagella
• Function in moving
cells, in moving fluids,
or in small particles
across the cell surface

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 Cilia & Flagella

• Cilia are
shorter and
more numerous
on cells
• Flagella are
longer and
fewer (usually
1-3) on cells

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Cell Movement with Cilia &
Flagella

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Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles
from the Lungs

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 Vacuoles
• Fluid filled
sacks for
storage
• Small or absent
in animal cells
• Plant cells have
a large Central
Vacuole

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 Vacuoles

• In plants, they store

Cell Sap
• Includes storage of
sugars, proteins,
minerals, lipids,
wastes, salts, water,
and enzymes

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 Chloroplasts
• Found only in producers
(organisms containing
chlorophyll)
• Use energy from
sunlight to make own
food (glucose)
• Energy from sun
stored in the Chemical
Bonds of Sugars

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 Chloroplasts
• Surrounded by DOUBLE
membrane
• Outer membrane smooth
• Inner membrane modified
into sacs called
Thylakoids
• Thylakoids in stacks
called Grana &
interconnected
• Stroma – gel like material
surrounding thylakoids

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Review of Eukaryotic Cells

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Review of Eukaryotic Cells

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66
 Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport

• Active Transport

• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)

• Exocytosis
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 Passive Transport
• No energy required

• Move due to gradient

– differences in concentration, pressure,
charge

• Move to equalize gradient

– High moves toward low

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 Types of Passive Transport

1. Diffusion

2. Osmosis

3. Facilitated diffusion

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 Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration

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 Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion

• Fluid flows from lower solute

concentration

• Often involves movement of water

– Into cell
– Out of cell

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 Solution Differences & Cells
• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell
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73
 Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane

• Channels (are specific) help molecule or

ions enter or leave the cell

• Channels usually are transport proteins

(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)

• No energy is used
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 Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane

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 Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump

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 Endocytosis
• Movement of large material
– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)

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 Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking

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 Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material

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 Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled

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