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The Cell (Allied)

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15 views54 pages

The Cell (Allied)

Uploaded by

yakubyakson43
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Cell

BY
DR ZAYYANU USMAN
DEPT OF ANATOMY,FBMS,CHS,UDUS
Wenesday,12/11/2021.
Outline
• Introduction
• Historical backgrounds
• Cell types
• Cell organelles
• Summary/Conclusion
• Q &A
Cells
• Smallest living unit
• Most are
microscopic
Discovery of Cells
• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
– Observed sliver of cork
– Saw “row of empty boxes”
– Coined the term cell
Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias
Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”

• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow


“all cells come from cells”
Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells

• Smallest living unit of structure


and function of all organisms is
the cell

• All cells arise from preexisting


cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
Cell Size
Cells Have Large Surface
Area-to-Volume Ratio
Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
Cell Types

• Prokaryoti
c

• Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and
Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA
concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by
membrane
• Include fungi, protists,
plant, and animal cells
• Possess many organelles

Protozoan
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Organelles
• Cellular machinery
• Two general kinds
– Derived from
membranes
– Bacteria-like organelles
Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Derived from symbiotic
bacteria

• Ancient association

• Endosymbiotic theory
– Evolution of modern cells
from cells & symbiotic
bacteria
Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids &
proteins
Phospholipids

• Polar
– Hydrophylic head
– Hydrophobic tail

• Interacts with
water
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane

• A few molecules move freely


– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen

• Carrier proteins transport some molecules


– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a
lipid bilayer with proteins
Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters
– Move molecules in one
direction
2. Receptors
– Recognize certain chemicals
Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of
substances
Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many
protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane
Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
Cytoplasm
• Viscous fluid containing organelles
• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers
– Fluid = cytosol
– Organelles (not nucleus)
– storage substances
Cytoskeleton
• Filaments & fibers

• Made of 3 fiber
types
– Microfilaments
– Microtubules
– Intermediate
filaments
• 3 functions:
– mechanical
support
– anchor organelles
– help move
substances
A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT =
microtubule
Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility
• Cilia
– Short
– Used to move
substances outside
human cells
• Flagella
– Whip-like extensions
– Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like
centrioles
Cilia & Flagella Structure
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division
Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
Nucleus

• Control center of
cell

• Double membrane

• Contains
– Chromosomes
– Nucleolus
Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell

• Double membrane

• Has pores
DNA

• Hereditary
material

• Chromosomes
– DNA
– Protiens
– Form for cell
division
• Chromatin
Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more
• Directs synthesis of RNA
• Forms ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells

• Network of interconnected
membranes

• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens
– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
Golgi Apparatus Function

1. Molecules come in vesicles

2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi


membrane

3. Molecules may be modified


by Golgi
Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)

4. Molecules pinched-off in separate


vesicle

5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus

6. Vesicles may combine with plasma


membrane to secrete contents
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders
Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than
animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
Bacteria-Like Organelles

• Release & store


energy

• Types
– Mitochondria
(release energy)
– Chloroplasts
(store energy)
Mitochondria
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose
– Fatty acids

• Release energy
– ATP
Chloroplasts
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
• Solar energy capturing organelle
Photosynthesis
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Makes cellular food – glucose
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Review of Eukaryotic Cells
Questions and Answers

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