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Immune System - Why?

The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system, including the distinction between innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses like physical and chemical barriers that are always present. It also includes cellular responses mediated by phagocytes and cytokines. The adaptive immune system mounts pathogen-specific responses through clonal selection of B and T cells, resulting in improved defenses upon repeat exposure. Antibodies and T cells play major roles in the adaptive response through mechanisms like antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Antigen presentation by MHC molecules links the innate and adaptive arms.

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Neria Haroeh
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31 views39 pages

Immune System - Why?

The document summarizes key aspects of the immune system, including the distinction between innate and adaptive immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses like physical and chemical barriers that are always present. It also includes cellular responses mediated by phagocytes and cytokines. The adaptive immune system mounts pathogen-specific responses through clonal selection of B and T cells, resulting in improved defenses upon repeat exposure. Antibodies and T cells play major roles in the adaptive response through mechanisms like antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Antigen presentation by MHC molecules links the innate and adaptive arms.

Uploaded by

Neria Haroeh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Immune system -

why?
The major types of pathogen
confronting the immune system
Innate
and
Adaptive
immunity
Infection occur only when the pathogen can
colonize or cross through these barriers

These barriers are


permanently present.
They do not normally
increase in concentration or
Gastrointestinal, respond to specific
respiratory and pathogens.
Cellular innate immunity:

Granulocytes(polymorphonuclear
leukocytes)
Macrophages
are activated by
pathogens and
both engulf
them and initiate
inflammatory
responses

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)


on phagocytic cells recognize and are
activated by pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Cytokines are small proteins (~ 25 kDa) that
are released by various cells in the body,
usually in response to an activating stimulus,
and they induce responses through binding to
specific receptors.

They can act in autocrine manner,


affecting the behavior of the cell that
releases the cytokine, in a paracrine
manner, affecting the behavior of adjacent
cells and some cytokines are stable
enough to act in an endocrine manner,
affecting the behavior of distant cells.
Infection triggers an inflammatory response
leukocytes leave the blood and migrate to sites of infection in
a multistep process mediated through adhesive interactions

Selectins
Integrins

Chemokines
Bactericidal agents produced or released by
phagocytes on the ingestion of microorganisms
Mannose-
binding
lectin
recognizes
bacterial
surfaces by
their
particular
spacing of
carbohydrae
residues
Schematic overview of the
complement cascade
The actions of the innate
immune systems are a
prerequisite for the
development of the adaptive
immunity
All the cellular
elements of
the blood
arise from
pluripotent
hematopoietic
stem cells in
the bone
marrow
Adaptive
immunity
Clonal
selection
1 lymphocyte=
1 specificity
A specific immune response,
such as the production of antibodies
or activation of T cells against a
particular pathogen, is known as an
adaptive immune response,
because it occurs during the life
time as an adaptation to infection
with that pathogen.
The key difference between the innate
and adaptive immune systems is that
resistance to infection is not improved
by repeated infection in the innate
immune system. In contrast, the
adaptive immune system will increase
the ferocity of its defense to a pathogen
with repeated infection.
Fab Fab

Fc
Antibodies can participate in host defense in three main ways

FcR
FcR
The T-cell
receptor
resembles a
membrane-bound
Fab fragment
TCR has
constant and
variable regions
homologous in
structure and
function to those
of
immunoglobulins

(TCR has only a


membrane form)
Tri-molecular interaction
CD8 MHC-Ag-TCR CD4

MHC-
TCR Major Histocompatibility complex TCR
TCR- T Cell Receptor 
 
 Ag- antigen
Ag

MHC-I MHC-II

Professional APC
MHC-I molecules are expressed at
low level on the vast majority of our cells

MHC-I
C-I
MH

MHC-I MHC
-I

Kidney
cell

Liver
RBC
cell
MHC Class I
CD8

TCR
Fas Ligand

 CD8 T cells kill viral



infected and malignant
target cells by lythic
granules (granzyme and perforin)
and receptor-induced apoptosis
Fas

Caspasses
Target
DNA fragmentation
cell
The missing
self hypothesis
Downregulation of
MHC class-I molecules
from the cell surface
by oncogenic
transformation
or virus infection
renders these cells
more susceptible
to attack by NK cells

Nature reviews microbiology 3:59 (2005)


Professional
Antigen
Presenting
Cells (APCs)
MHC Class II
macrophages
CD4
CD8 B cells
DC CD4
express MHC-II
and present antigen
TCR to CD4 T cells
TCR
   

MHC I MHC II MHC II

Professional APC
B cell
The distribution of lymphoid tissues in the body

Primary
lymph nodes

peripheral
Lymph nodes

Lymphatics drain
extracellular fluid (lymph)
from the peripheral tissues
into the thoracic duct

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