5.

4 DATA BUSES
 1.INTRODUCTION OF BUS SYSTEM
In aircraft data buses are used to communicate or
exchange data between avionics equipments.
Now a days we see a data bus in computer & digital
system uses for data exchange it may be in the form of
cable or wire.
Modern aircraft required considerable amount of cabling.
In lager aircraft some cables are very lengthy.
Number of cables we are using in aircraft are proportional
to weight of aircraft so it is necessary to minimizing amount
of cabling and wiring to reduce weight of aircraft .
To reduce weight of aircraft & increasing reliability it is
necessary to decease amount of cabling & wiring in aircraft
 2.BUS TERMINOLOGY
Bus systems can be either bidirectional (two way) or
unidirectional(one way)
Unidirectional:-in this data is transmitted in only one direction means
sender can transmit a data but it can’t receive it & receiver can receive
data but can’t transmit it .
 Bidirectional:- in this data is transmitted in both direction means
sender can transmit as well as receive it and receiver also can transmit
and receive it .
They can also be serial (one bit of data transmitted at a time)
or parallel (where often 8, 16 or 32 bits of data appear as a
group on a number of data lines at the same time).
Because of the constraints imposed by conductor length
and weight, all practical aircraft bus systems are based on
serial (rather than parallel) data transfer.
3.SERIAL AND PARALLEL DATA
TRANSMISION
 3.SERIAL AND PARALLEL DATA
TRANSMISION COMPARISON
Sr.No SERIAL DATA PARALLEL DATA
TRANSMISSION TRANSMISSION
01 Data flows in bi-direction, Multiple lines are used to send
bit by bit. data i.e. 8 lines are used to send
8 bits or 1 byte at a time.
02 1 bit is transferred at a 8 bit is transferred at a time
time
03 Less Expensive Expensive
04 Speed is low Speed is high

05 This method is used for This method is used for short

long distance distance communication.
communication.
06 Example:-computer to Example:- computer to printer
computer
 BUS ARCHITECTURE
• Bus architecture Communication protocols enable the efficient Exchange
of data between a numbers of devices connected to the same bus.
• LRU-(line replaceable units are the units which can be replace at the time
of operation )line replaceable unit consist of engine data interface or flap
electronic unit. each connected to bus by dedicated bus coupler.
• Modern aircraft use multiple redundant bus system .for exchanging data
between various avionics system & subsystem.
• These bus system use serial data transfer because it minimizes the size
& weight of aircraft cabling.
 SERIAL BUS PRINCIPLES
A simple system for serial data transfer between two avionic systems
shown in below figure.
Within the LRU data is transferred using an internal parallel data bus(either
8, 16, 32 or 64 bits wide).
The two LRU is connected by using serial data bus.
Bus interface:-it is used for convert parallel to serial and serial to parallel
conversion.
The data to be transferred can be synchronous (using clock signals
generated locally within each LRU) or it may be asynchronous (i.e. self-
clocking).
SERIAL DATA TRANSFER BETWEEN
MANY AVIONIC SYSTEMS
In practice we need to share the data between many LRU/avionic units.
In this system, data is transferred using a shielded twisted pair (STP) bus
cable with a number of coupler panels that are located at appropriate
points in the aircraft (e.g. the flight deck, avionics bay, etc).
COUPLER PANELS:- the coupler panel is used to connect number of
avionics units to the bus using a stub cable.
BUS TERMINATOR:-in order to optimize or calculate speed of data
transfer and also minimize problem associated with reflection and data
mismatch the bus cable must be terminated at each end using a matched
bus terminator.
It is also used to avoid reflection at the end of cable.
Within each LRU/avionics unit, an interface is provided that performs the
required serial-to-parallel or parallel-to-serial data conversion, as shown in
below figure
 TYPES OF AIRCRAFT DATA BUSES
1. ARINC 429
2. ARINC 629
3. ARINC 419
4. ARINC 561
5. ARINC 573
6. ARINC 575
7. ARINC 615
8. ARINC 629
9. ARINC 708
10. MIL-STD-1553B/1773B
 ARINC 429(Aeronautical Radio
Incorporated)
ARINC 429 is a unidirectional data bus.

Messages are transmitted in packets of 32-bits

 bit rate of either 12.5 or 100 kilobits per second.

ARINC 429 has been installed on a wide variety of commercial

transport aircraft including;
Airbus -A310/A320 and A330/A340

Boeing 737, 747, 757, and 767

also in modern aircraft Boeing 777 & Airbus 380

 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ARINC 429 is a two wire( shielded twisted pair cable) differential bus
The data bus uses two signal wires to transmit 32-bit words.
The ARINC 429 electrical characteristics are summarized below:
With ARINC 429, no more than 20 receivers should be connected to a
single bus. (single source multiple receivers)
Voltage levels: +5V, 0V, −5V (each conductor with respect to ground)
+10V, 0V, −10V (conductor A with respect to conductor B)
Data encoding: Bi-Polar Return to Zero
Word size: 32 bits
Bit rate (high): 100K bits per second
Bit rate (low): 12.5K bits per second
Slew rate (high): 1.5ms (±0.5 ms)
Slew rate (low): 10ms (±5 ms)
The modulation employed is bipolar return to zero (BPRZ)
modulation ( See Fig.).
 BIT TIMING AND SLEW RATE
The slew rate refers to the rise and fall time of the ARINC waveform.
Specifically, it refers to the amount of time it takes the ARINC signal to
rise from the 10% to the 90% voltage amplitude points on the leading
and trailing edges of a pulse. The data shown in Table 4.1 applies to the
high and low-speed ARINC 429 systems.
 ARINC 429 DATA WORD FORMAT
An ARINC message consists of a single 32-bit data word.
ARINC429 data words are 32 bit words made up of five primary fields:
Parity – 1 bit
Sign/Status Matrix (SSM) – 2 bits
Data – 19 bits
Source/Destination Identifier (SDI) – 2 bits
Label – 8 bits
FOR BINARY CODED DECIMAL DATA – BCD – the SSM can be used to
indicate the sign or direction of the data contained in the ARINC word.
OTHER BUS STANDARDS:-
ARINC 419:-
ARINC 419 used 32-bit words similar to ARINC 429.
This bus uses six wire system whilst others used a shielded two
wire twisted pair (like ARINC 429) or a coaxial cable.
 Line voltage levels were either two state (HI/LO) or three state
(HI/NULL/LO) with voltages ranging from 10 V to 18.5 V for the high
state and from less than 1 V to less than 5 V for the NULL state.

 
ARINC 561:-
ARINC 561 was based on a six wire system involving three pairs that
were used for DATA, SYNC, and CLOCK.
Non return to zero (NRZ) encoding was employed with logic 1
represented by 12 V.
Like ARINC 429, the word length was 32 bits with bits 32 and 31
comprising the SSM and no parity available.

ARINC 573:-
ARINC 573 is the standard adopted for use with Flight Data Recorders
(FDR) which use a continuous data stream of Harvard Bi-Phase encoded
12-bit words.
These words are encoded into which are encoded into frames which
contain a snapshot of the data from each of the avionics subsystems on
the aircraft.
ARINC 575:-
Similar to ARINC 429, this standard is a low speed bus system that is
based on a single twisted pair of wires.

ARINC 615:-
ARINC 615 supports high speed data transfer to and from on-board
digital systems permitting, for example, reading and writing.
ARINC 629:-
ARINC 629 was introduced in the mid 1990s and it supports a data rate of
2 Mbps (20 times faster than ARINC 429).
The bus supports 120 connected devices(receivers) (multiple sources
and sink)
It is currently used on the Boeing 777, Airbus A330 and A340 aircraft.

ARINC 629 is a bi-directional bus system.

The physical bus medium is shielded twisted pair (STP).

ARINC 629 uses time based collision avoidance protocol that allocates
time slots to each terminal decides when an appropriate time slot is
available for transmission .

 
ARINC 708:-
1.ARINC 708 is used to transfer data from the airborne
weather radar receiver to the aircraft’s radar display.
2.The bus is unidirectional and data rate of 1Mbps.
 
 
MIL-STD-1553B/1773B:-
Military standard 1533B is a bidirectional data bus designed for use in
military aircraft
The standard supports a bit rate of 1 Mbps.
It is asynchronous half duplex bus.
 MIL-STD-1773B is a fiber optic implementation of MIL-STD-1553B that
provides significantly greater immunity to exposure to high- intensity
radiated electromagnetic fields (HIRF).
CSDB(commercial standard data bus)
and ASCB(avionics standard
communications bus):-
The CSDB and ASCB are developed Rockwell Collins and Honeywell for
use in small business private general aviation aircraft.
CSDB is a unidirectional bus that permits the connection of up to 10
receivers and one transmitter.
data rates of 12.5 kbps and 50 kbps.
ASCB is a bidirectional bus. This bus can support up to 48 devices.
FDDI:-
The Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI ) use on the Boeing 777
aircraft.
FDDI is a local area network (LAN) based on a dual token ring
topology.
The data rate is 100 Mbps and data is encoded into frames. CDDI
and SDDI are similar network bus standards based on copper (Copper
Distributed Data Interface) and shielded twisted pair (SDDI) as the
physical media.
 The data format is NRZI (a data format similar to NRZ)

 
AIRCRAFT NETWORKS/ ETHERNET
1.Ethernet is a commercial computer networking technology for local area
and larger networks .
2.it became standardized by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers as IEEE 802.3
3.The original concept used coaxial cables as a shared medium. It has since
evolved to using either twisted-pair wires (for low-speed data transfer) or.
fiber-optic cables (for higher speeds).
4.The data transfer speed has also since increased from 2 Mbps to 100
Mbps .
5.Each data frame contains of a source address and destination address,
in addition to error checking so that damaged data can be detected and
the data frame retransmitted if required
ARINC 664 AFDX
1.The AFDX means Avionics Full-Duplex Switched (AFDX) network.
2.currently it is used in the Airbus A380 and the Boeing 787, as a ARINC
Standard 664 .
3.AFDX is the equivalent of the Ethernet 100 Mbps network.
4.AFDX works more like a telephone exchange network than a typical
aircraft digital data bus with data being switched from subscriber to
subscriber, except that the subscribers are Line Replaceable Units (LRU).
5.the AFDX network topology consists of switches for traffic policing and
LRU terminals (end systems) for traffic shaping and integrity checking.
6.The switches and the terminals communicate with each other
simultaneously (full-duplex) to prevent data collisions.
7.Data transfer is accomplished via "virtual links""", which are
unidirectional connections from one source terminal to one or more
destination terminals.
The fundamental network architecture used in an AFDX network is
Cascaded star.
Within an AFDX switch a buffer is used For both received and
transmitted data.
maximum bit-rate that can be supported by an AFDX virtual link is
16,000 bits per second.
Allowable bandwidth allocation gaps in AFDX can range from 1 to 128
ms.