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Week01 - Introduction To Databases

This document provides an introduction to database systems, including examples of database applications, the limitations of traditional file-based systems, and the advantages of adopting a database approach using a database management system. Key topics covered include the components and roles in a database environment, the history of database systems, and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a DBMS.

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Muhammad Asghar Khan
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66 views

Week01 - Introduction To Databases

This document provides an introduction to database systems, including examples of database applications, the limitations of traditional file-based systems, and the advantages of adopting a database approach using a database management system. Key topics covered include the components and roles in a database environment, the history of database systems, and the advantages and disadvantages of implementing a DBMS.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Asghar Khan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database I

Background

Introduction to Databases

1
Examples of Database
Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university

2
File-Based Systems
 Collection of application programs that
perform services for the end users (e.g.
reports).

 Each program defines and manages its


own data.

3
File-Based Processing

4
Limitations of File-Based
Approach
 Separation and isolation of data
 Each program maintains its own set of data.
 Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.

 Duplication of data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.

5
Limitations of File-Based
Approach
 Data dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.

 Incompatible file formats


 Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application


programs
 Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
 Any new requirement needs a new program.
6
Database Approach
 Arose because:
 Definition of data was embedded in application
programs, rather than being stored separately and
independently.
 No control over access and manipulation of data
beyond that imposed by application programs.

 Result:
 the database and Database Management System
(DBMS).

7
Database
 Shared collection of logically related data
(and a description of this data), designed to
meet the information needs of an
organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides
description of data to enable program–data
independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities,
attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.
8
Database Management System
(DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to
define, create, maintain, and control
access to the database.
 (Database) application program: a
computer program that interacts with
database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.

9
Database Management System
(DBMS)

10
Database Approach
 Data definition language (DDL).
 Permits specification of data types, structures and any
data constraints.
 All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).


 General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

11
Database Approach
 Controlled access to database may
include:
 a security system
 an integrity system
 a concurrency control system
 a recovery control system
 a user-accessible catalog.

12
Views
 Allows each user to have his or her own
view of the database.

 A view is essentially some subset of the


database.

13
Views - Benefits
 Reduce complexity
 Provide a level of security
 Provide a mechanism to customize the
appearance of the database
 Present a consistent, unchanging picture
of the structure of the database, even if
the underlying database is changed

14
Components of DBMS
Environment

15
Components of DBMS
Environment
 Hardware
 Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
 Software
 DBMS, operating system, network software (if
necessary) and also the application programs.
 Data
 Used by the organization and a description
of this data called the schema.

16
Components of DBMS
Environment
 Procedures
 Instructions and rules that should be applied to the
design and use of the database and DBMS.
 People

17
Roles in the Database
Environment
 Data Administrator (DA)
 Database Administrator (DBA)
 Database Designers (Logical and
Physical)
 Application Programmers
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)

18
History of Database Systems
 First-generation
 Hierarchical and Network

 Second generation
 Relational

 Third generation
 Object-Relational
 Object-Oriented

19
Advantages of DBMSs
 Control of data redundancy
 Data consistency
 More information from the same amount of data
 Sharing of data
 Improved data integrity
 Improved security
 Enforcement of standards
 Economy of scale

20
Advantages of DBMSs
 Balance conflicting requirements
 Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
 Increased productivity
 Improved maintenance through data
independence
 Increased concurrency
 Improved backup and recovery services

21
Disadvantages of DBMSs
 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure

22

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