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Hypothesis Testing

1. The document discusses hypothesis testing and statistical analysis using z-tests and t-tests. It covers topics like null and alternative hypotheses, levels of significance, test statistics, and decision rules. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up hypotheses, select test statistics, find critical values, perform calculations, and make decisions about null hypotheses. 3. Steps in hypothesis testing are outlined, including stating hypotheses, selecting a significance level, choosing a test, determining decision rules, finding critical values, computing statistics, and making a decision.

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799 views12 pages

Hypothesis Testing

1. The document discusses hypothesis testing and statistical analysis using z-tests and t-tests. It covers topics like null and alternative hypotheses, levels of significance, test statistics, and decision rules. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to set up hypotheses, select test statistics, find critical values, perform calculations, and make decisions about null hypotheses. 3. Steps in hypothesis testing are outlined, including stating hypotheses, selecting a significance level, choosing a test, determining decision rules, finding critical values, computing statistics, and making a decision.

Uploaded by

Jp Combis
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS WITH
SOFTWARE
APPLICATION
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• It is a decision-making process for evaluating
claims about a population.
• There are two statistical tests for hypothesis
testing,
z-test
t-test
• Every hypothesis testing begins with the
statement of a hypothesis. A statistical
hypothesis is an inference about a
population parameter. This inference may or
may not be true.
HYPOTHESIS
The null hypothesis, symbolized as Ho, states that there is no
difference between a parameter and a specific value.
The alternative hypothesis, symbolized as Ha, states a specific
difference between a parameter and a specific value.

1. Ho: parameter = specific value (two-tailed test)


Ha: parameter ≠ specific value

2. Ho: parameter = specific value (left-tailed test)


Ha: parameter < specific value

3. Ho: parameter = specific value (right-tailed test)


Ha: parameter > specific value
Example (Null and Alternative
Hypothesis)
Formulate the Ho and Ha and identify if the hypothesis test
is left-tailed, right-tailed or two-tailed.
1. The average recovery time of a patient taking a
particular medication is 1 month.
2. The average pulse rate of female joggers is less than 72
beats per minute.
3. The average age of sales representatives at a drug
company is greater than 27.6 years.
4. The average number of sold paracetamol tablets is
more than 100 per day.
5. The average content of soda in can is equal to 300 ml.
The z test
•   The z test is a statistical test for the mean of a population. It can be
used when the sample size is greater that 30 (n ≥ 30), or when the
population is normally distributed and standard deviation is known. The
formula for the z test is
where:
  ( 𝑥 − µ) x - sample mean
z= µ
√𝑛
𝜎 - hypothesized mean
- population standard deviation
n - sample size

Level of Significance 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01


One-tailed test 1.28 1.645 1.96 2.33
Two-tailed test 1.645 1.96 2.33 2.58

Decision Rule:
Reject Ho if ≥
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Select the level of significance.
3. Determine the appropriate test statistic to be
used in testing the null hypothesis.
4. State the decision rule.
5. Find the tabular value using the table of values for
different tests.
6. Compute for the value of the statistics to be used.
7. Make a decision, whether to reject or not to
reject the null hypothesis.
Example
1. A manufacturer claims that the average lifetime of his
lightbulbs is 36 months. The standard deviation is 8
months. Fifty bulbs are selected, and the average lifetime
is found to be 32 months. Should the manufacturer’s
statement be rejected at α = 0.01?
2. A test on car braking reaction times for men between 18
and 30 years old have produced a mean and standard
deviation of 0.610 sec and 0.123 sec, respectively. When
40 male drivers of this age group were randomly selected
and tested for their braking reaction times, a mean of
0.587 second came out. At the α = 0.10 level of
significance, test the claim of the driving instructor that
his graduates had faster reaction times.
Activity
1. A manufacturing company claims that the mean drying time
for its paints is 45 minutes. A random sample of 35 gallons of
paints selected from the production line of this company
showed that the mean drying time for this sample is 50
minutes with a standard deviation of 3 minutes. Using α =
0.01, would you conclude that the company’s claim is true?
2. The manufacturer of a certain brand of auto batteries claims
that the mean life of these batteries is 45 months. A
consumer protection agency that wants to check this claim
took a random sample of 36 such batteries and found that
the mean life for this sample is 43.75 months with a standard
deviation of 4 months. Using the 2.5% significance level,
would you conclude that the mean life of these batteries is
less than 45 months?
Activity
3. A study claims that all adults spend an average of 8 hours on
chores during a weekend. A researcher wanted to check if
this claim is true. A random sample of 200 adults taken by
this researcher showed that these adults spend an average of
8.20 hours on chores during a weekend with a standard
deviation of 2.1 hours. Using the 1% significance level, can
you conclude that the claim that all adults spend an average
of 8 hours on chores during a weekend is false?
4. A sociologist, finds that for a certain population, the mean
number of years of education is 13.20, while the standard
deviation is 2.95. In one region, a random sample of 60
people is drawn from this population, and the sample mean
is 13.87 years. At the 0.05 level of significance, test the claim
that the mean for this region is the same as the mean of the
population.
The t test
•   The t test is a statistical test for the mean of a population
and is used when the population is normally or approximately
normally distributed, population standard deviation is
unknown, and n < 30. The formula for the t test is
where:
 
( 𝑥 − µ) x - sample mean
t= √µ𝑛- hypothesized mean
𝑠 - sample standard
deviation
n - sample size

The degrees of freedom are d.f. = n - 1


Decision Rule:
Reject Ho if ≥
Example
1. In order to increase customer service, a muffler repair
shop claims its mechanics can replace a muffler in 12
minutes. A time management specialist selected 6 repair
jobs and found their mean time to be 11.6 minutes. The
standard deviation of the sample was 2.1 minutes. At
α = 0.025, is there enough evidence to conclude that the
mean time in changing a muffler is less than 12 minutes?
2. A special cable has a breaking strength of 800 pounds. A
researcher selects a sample of 20 cables and finds that the
average breaking strength is 793 pounds with a standard
deviation of 12 pounds. Assume that the variable is
normally distributed, test the claim at 1% level of
significance.
Activity
1. The manager of a car rental agency claims that the average
mileage of cars rented is less than 8000. A sample of five
automobiles has an average mileage of 7223, with a standard
deviation of 500 miles. At α = 0.01, is there enough evidence
to reject the manager’s claim?

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