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Week 3 CE-431 01 Canals

Canal irrigation involves constructing artificial channels to carry water from rivers or reservoirs to fields. Canals are generally trapezoidal in shape. There are several types of canals based on factors like bed soil (alluvial or non-alluvial), purpose (irrigation, navigation, power, feeder), nature of supply (inundation or perennial), discharge (main, branch, distributary, water courses), and alignment (watershed/ridge, contour, side-slope). Main canals carry water from rivers while distributaries supply water to fields through outlets.

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86 views16 pages

Week 3 CE-431 01 Canals

Canal irrigation involves constructing artificial channels to carry water from rivers or reservoirs to fields. Canals are generally trapezoidal in shape. There are several types of canals based on factors like bed soil (alluvial or non-alluvial), purpose (irrigation, navigation, power, feeder), nature of supply (inundation or perennial), discharge (main, branch, distributary, water courses), and alignment (watershed/ridge, contour, side-slope). Main canals carry water from rivers while distributaries supply water to fields through outlets.

Uploaded by

Ashhad Shafique
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture # 5 (Week 03)

Canal Irrigation
CE-431
CANALS
Canal is an artificial
channel, generally
trapezoidal in shape,
constructed on ground
to carry water to the
fields either from the
river or from a tank or
reservoir.
Types of Canals : (Based on bed soil
)On the basis of bed of the canals, canals are divided
into following types:
1. Alluvial Soils and Alluvial Canals
2. Non-alluvial Soils
Types of Canals : (Based on bed soil
)1. Alluvial Soils and Alluvial Canals:
The soil which is formed by transportation and
deposition of silt through the agency of water, over a
course of time, is called the alluvial soil.

2. Non-alluvial Soils
The soil which is formed due to disintegration
of rocks is called non-alluvial soil.
Types of Canals : (Based on Purpose
)1. Irrigation Canals:
thecanal which is constructed to carry
water for irrigation purposes.

2. Navigation canals:
the canal which is constructed to for navigation
purposes, it also can be used for irrigation need.
These canal have very low velocity.
Types of Canals : (Based on Purpose
)4. Power Canals:
the canal which is constructed to supply water
with high force to hydropower station.

4. Feder canals:
the canal which is constructed to
feed the another canal or river.
Types of Canals : (Based on Nature of supply )
1. Inundation Canal:
the canal which carry the water in rainy season
only.
2. Perennial canals:
the canal which supply the water throughout
the year.
Types of Canals :(Based on
Discharge)
1. Main Canals:
A main canal, generally carries water directly
from the river and therefore it carries heavy supplies and
is not used for direct irrigation except in exceptional
circumstances. Main canal acts as a water carrier to feed
supplies to branch canals and major distributaries.
2. BRANCH CANAL:
There are the branches of main canal in either
direction taking off at regular intervals. In general,
branch canals are usually feeder canals or feeder
branches for major or minor distributaries. Discharge in
branch canal is generally more than 30 cumec.
Types of Canals :(Based on
Discharge)
3. MAJOR DISTRIBUTARIES:
These take off from a branch canal. They may also
sometimes take off from the main canal but their discharge is
generally lesser than branch canals. They are real irrigation
channels, in sense, that they supply water for irrigation to
fields through outlet, provided along them. Discharge in
major distributary is generally less than 30 cumec
4. MINOR DISTRIBUTARIES:
These take off from major distributaries, but
sometimes, they take off from branch canal, also. They supply
water to water courses through outlets provided along them
and carry lesser discharge than major distributary. Discharge
in major distributary is generally less than 2.5 cumec
Types of Canals :(Based on
Discharge)
5. WATER COURSES:
It is a small channel which ultimately feeds
the water to the irrigation field. These are not the
government channels and belong to the cultivators.
Types of Canals : (Alignment
based
Irrigation) canals can be in any of the
aligned following three ways :
1. as watershed canal or ridge
canal.
2. as contour canal
3. as side-slope canal
Types of Canals : (Alignment
based ) canal or ridge canal.
1. Watershed
The line which divides the watershed of two
catchments is called ridge line. The canal along the
ridge line is called the ridge canal. This canal can
supply water to both watersheds.
Types of Canals : (Alignment
based )
Watershed canal or ridge canal.
Types of Canals : (Alignment
based ) canal:
2. Contour
The canal which is approximately parallel to the
contour line. This canal can irrigate the area on one
side only.
Types of Canals : (Alignment
based ) canal:
3. Side-slope
The canal which is aligned at right angle to the
contour line is known as side slope canal. It can
irrigate area on one side only.

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