CELLULAR ENERGY

Section 2 photosynthesis
Do air,water or minerals provide energy for photosynthesis?
MAIN IDEA
• LIGHT ENERGY IS TRAPPED AND CONVERTED IN TO
CHEMICAL ENERGY DURING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Essential Question

What are the two phases of

photosynthesis ?

What is the function of a chloroplast

during the light reactions?

How can electron transport be

described and diagramed?
Review Vocabulary
• Carbohydrate:
An organic compound containing only carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen , usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
 ‫‪NEW VOCABULARY‬‬

‫ثالكويد‬
‫‪Thylakoid‬‬
‫الحبيبة الكلوروفيلية (الجرانم )‬
‫‪Granum‬‬
‫الحشوة‬
‫‪Stroma‬‬
‫الصبغة‬
‫‪Pigment‬‬
‫حلقة كالفن‬
‫‪Calvin Cycle‬‬
‫روبيسكو‬
‫‪rubisco‬‬
 Read p 134

overview photosynthesis

3 m
 Group
activity
Activity objective
7 min
defined the two phases 2point

of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis meaning:

Equation:

Phase one Phase two

Overview of photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis

Is a process in which light

energy is converted into
chemical energy

Photosynthesis equation:
The two phases of photosynthesis
Light energy is The ATP and
absorbed and NADPH that
then converted were formed
into chemical in the phase
energy in form one are used
of ATP and to make
NADPH glucose

Light dependent reactions Light independent reactions

 individual activity

2 min
Identify two ways cells can use glucose ? 3point
1- energy .
2- build up complex sugars, carbohydrates,
proteins ,lipids and amino acid
Do the two phases of
Name the organelles that capture the photosynthesis are linked to some.
light energy during photosynthesis? YES
chloroplasts Explain your Unser.
Where are the two phases of The two energy storage molecules
photosynthesis occur in the chloroplast? ( NADPH and ATP produced in phase
one used in phase two
Phase one occur in lumen
Phase two occur in stroma
Read p 135

phase one :
light reactions

5m
Activity objective describe the function and structure
of a chloroplast
group activity
5 min

chloroplasts
2point

Capture light First compartment: second

energy in Thylakoids compartment:
photosynthetic ( flattened, saclike
organisms. membranes arranged Stroma ( fluid-filled
in stacks) space that is outside
Such as plants, the grana
Thylakoid granum
bacteria , algae grana Which phase occur on
,and some Which phase occur on it ?
Light independent
protozoan it ? Light dependent reactions
reactions

Function Structure Structure

 GROUP
activity

2 min
3 point

WRITE ( X ) IN
THE LOCATION
OF THE PHASE
ON
WRITE (O) IN
THE LOCATION
OF PHASE TWO
PREDICT
How environmental
factors such as light
intensity and carbon
dioxide level can affect
rates of photosynthesis
READ P 135

PIGMENTS

3 M
PIGMENTS

Blue,The
Light- surface absorb
absorbing all visible light
colored spectrum,and
molecules. reflect light in
the blue region.

Describe the In the figure what is

pigments?. the pigment color ?
Explain your answer.
 Whole class activity

Where pigment molecules found in plant cell.

-Are found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

 Absorption Spectra of
Photosynthetic Pigment

-The major light-absorbing pigments

in plants are chlorophylls,
The most common 2 are chlorophyll a
& chlorophyll b.

-There are accessory pigments that

allow plants to trap additional light
energy such as carotenoids.
Example: ẞ-carotene
 When the other
Hypothesize the effect pigments
on light absorption if a (carotenoids) Group
plant did not have Become visible? activity
chlorophyll b

Without chlorophyll
b the plant would 3min
absorb less light ,
this might cause a
reduction in the
When the
rate of
chlorophyll breaks
photosynthesis .
down in the leaves
of some plants
Identify two ways cells Name the organelles Where are the two
can use glucose ?
that capture the light phases of
energy during photosynthesis occur
photosynthesis? in the chloroplast?
PHASE ONE

LIGHT DEPENDANT REACTION

 READ P136

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

5M
The absorption of light is the first step
in photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts capture light energy.

Use energy from light to produce

oxygen gas and convert ADP and NADP+
into the energy carriers ATP and
NADPH
Light reaction start when pigments absorb the light along the
thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast.

The structure of the thylakoid

Thylakoid Thylakoid space

membrane (lumen)
a large surface the H+ release
area hold during electron
transport
electron- Protein accumulate in.
transporting complexes
molecules photosystems

Photosystems I Photosystems II
Activity objective IDENTIFY the component of electron
transport
group activity
2 min
2point
Complete the figure of Thylakoid membrane.
Thylakoid space
Photosystem I
Thylakoid
membran
Electron carrier
e
Photosystem II

ATP
synthase

Ferrodoxin
Stroma
Activity objective EXPLAIN how can electron transport be
described and diagramed group
activity
5 min
3point

• Reorder the steps of electron transport to described the

process
 Thylakoid Thylakoid
Thylakoid space
space space Thylak
Thylakoid oid
space
space

+ O2
+ O2
+ O2
+ O2 + O2
2H2O

2H 2O 2H2O
2H2O
2H2O Stro
ma

Strom
a Str
Strom
a om Stroma

2 NADP+

2
2 NADPH
 Thylakoid Thylakoid
Thylakoid space
space space Thylak
Thylakoid oid
space
space

+ O2
+ O2
+ O2
+ O2 + O2
2H2O

2H 2O 2H2O
2H2O
2H2O Stro
ma

Strom
a Str
Strom
a om Stroma

2 NADP+

2
2 NADPH

 Light energy excites  The excited

electrons in electrons move from  In the presence of
photosystem II  Ferrodoxin transfers
photosystem II to light,Photosystem I
 and also causes a The electron-acceptor the electrons to the
an electron-acceptor transfers the
water molecule to molecule transfers the electron carrier
molecule in the electrons to a
split, releasing: electrons along a series NADP+, forming the
thylakoid membrane protein called
1-an electron into the of electron-carriers to energy-storing
 As electrons move ferrodoxin.
electron transport photosystem I. molecule NADPH.
through the
system,
2-H+ into the membrane , protons
thylakoid space, H+ are pumped into
3- and O2 as a waste the thylakoid space.
product. .
 Electron Transport
 Light energy excites electrons in photosystem II
 and also causes a water molecule to split, releasing:
First 1-an electron into the electron transport system,
2-H+ into the thylakoid space, Thylakoid space
3- and O2 as a waste product.

+ O2
2H2O

Stroma
Second  The excited electrons move from photosystem II to an
electron-acceptor molecule in the thylakoid membrane .
 As electrons move through the membrane , protons H+ are
pumped into the thylakoid space. Thylakoid space

+ O2
2H2O

Stroma
 The electron-acceptor molecule transfers the electrons along a
series of electron-carriers to photosystem I.
Third
Thylakoid space

+ O2

2H2O

Stroma

 In the presence of light,Photosystem I transfers the

Fourth electrons to a protein called ferrodoxin.
  Ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to the electron carrier
Finally NADP+, forming the energy-storing molecule NADPH.

Thylakoid space

+ O2
2H2O
Stroma

2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
How to make up for They are replaced by
the lost electrons electrons shuttled from
Whole
by photosystem I ?. photosystem II class
activity
2 min

How to make up for

the lost electrons They are replaced by electrons Thylakoid space
by photosystem shuttled from water splits.
II ?.

+ O2
2H2O
Stroma

2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
Activity objective describe how ATP formed in the light reaction
group
activity
Describe the concentration of protons (H+) on both sides of thylakoid membrane. 5 min
3point
A high concentration of protons (H+) in the thylakoid interior (thylakoid space)
and a low concentration of protons (H+) in the stroma .

Explain the high concentration of protons (H+) in the thylakoid interior

1- The breakdown (split) of water.
2-The proton released during electron transport.

Describe ATP synthase?

.
Ion channels spanning thylakoid membrane, these channels are enzymes .

ADP+P
What is Chemiosmosis ?
the mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of electrons
down a concentration gradient.
Chemiosmosis
 Describe the concentration of protons (H+) on both sides of
thylakoid membrane.
A high concentration of protons (H+) in the thylakoid interior Thylakoid
(thylakoid space) and a low concentration of protons (H+) in space
the stroma .

+ O2
2H2O
Stroma

2 NADP+
2
2 NADPH
 Chemiosmosis
 Explain the high concentration of protons (H+) in the thylakoid interior
1- The breakdown (split) of water.
2-The proton released during electron transport. Thylakoid
space
 On the figure, indicate
ATP synthase.

 Describe ATP synthase.

Ion channels spanning
thylakoid membrane,
these channels are
Stroma
enzymes .
 What is Chemiosmosis ?
the mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the
flow of electrons down a concentration gradient.
 Chemiosmosis
 ATP is produced in conjunction with electron trans-port by
the process of chemiosmosis.
 ATP is produced due to the flow of electrons down
concentration gradient.
 The breakdown of water provides the necessary protons for ATP
synthesis.
Chemiosmosis
 H+ protons diffuse down their concentration gradient out of the
thylakoid interior into the stroma through ATP synthases
 As H+ moves through ATP synthases, ATP is formed in the stroma.

-Activated electrons are

passed from one molecule to
another along the thylakoid
membrane in a chloroplast.
-The energy from electrons
is used to form a proton
gradient.
-As protons move down the
gradient, a phosphate ADP+P
is added to ADP, forming
ATP.
  Light energy excites
 The excited electrons in
electrons move from photosystem II
 Ferrodoxin transfers  In the presence of
photosystem II to  and also causes a
an electron-acceptor the electrons to the light,Photosystem I
electron carrier transfers the water molecule to The electron-acceptor
molecule in the split, releasing: molecule transfers the
thylakoid membrane NADP+, forming the electrons to a
energy-storing protein called 1-an electron into the electrons along a series
 As electrons move electron transport of electron-carriers to
through the molecule NADPH. ferrodoxin.
system, photosystem I.
membrane , protons 2-H+ into the
H+ are pumped into thylakoid space,
the thylakoid space. 3- and O2 as a waste
. product.
 Light energy excites
 The excited electrons in
electrons move from photosystem II
 Ferrodoxin transfers  In the presence of
photosystem II to  and also causes a
an electron-acceptor the electrons to the light,Photosystem I
electron carrier transfers the water molecule to The electron-acceptor
molecule in the split, releasing: molecule transfers the
thylakoid membrane NADP+, forming the electrons to a
energy-storing protein called 1-an electron into the electrons along a series
 As electrons move electron transport of electron-carriers to
through the molecule NADPH. ferrodoxin.
system, photosystem I.
membrane , protons 2-H+ into the
H+ are pumped into thylakoid space,
the thylakoid space. 3- and O2 as a waste
. product.