CHAPTER 3

MOLECULAR GENETICS

SECTION 1:
DNA : the genetic material
Essential
Questions
  The discovery that DNA is the genetic
Main idea code involved many experiments.
vocabulary
 DNA
structure
Individually
3m

Reading strategy
Read p67
Scientist have 2 questions:

1-How nucleotides came together to

form DNA ?

2-How DNA could communicate

information remained ?
 Group activity
3m
3 points
DNA Structure

The nucleic acids

the subunit make up
Draw the subunit made of subunit
nucleic acid consist of
called

 Nucleotides consist
Nucleotides of:
-a five-carbon sugar,
-a phosphate group,
- and a nitrogenous base
NUCLEOTIDE
 The 2 nucleic acids found in living cell are:
Nucleotides

DNA RNA
Groups activity

Comparison between DNA and RNA

5m
3 points

DNA RNA
Type of sugar

Type of nitrogenous bases

A distinct nitrogen base

Draw a distinct nucleotide

Comparison between DNA and RNA

Type of sugar

Strand

Bases
 Whole class activity
2m
1 point

Compare
between the
2
nucleotides?

Single-ringed bases Double-ringed bases

Types of Nucleotides:
 Four Different Nitrogen Bases

1- Purine (two rings) 2- Pyrimidine (one ring)

• Adenine • Cytosine
• Thymine
• Guanine
• Uracil (not found in DNA)

14
 Complete sentences as appropriate

Nucleotide-the basic/repeated unit of…………

DNA

Key:
P
P =phosphate
…………………..
Base

…………………………….
=Deoxyribose
Sugar Sugar …………………………….
Sugar

Nucleotide
…………………..
Base …………………………
=Nitrogen bases:
………………………..
A, G, T or C
Could you count the number and types of Nucleotides?

1-Nucleotide number=? 5

2-Nucleotide type=? 4

3-Purine base=? 2

4-Pyrimidine base=? 3
 Analyzed the amount of
adenine,guanine,thymine and cytosine in the
DNA of various species.

Chargaff determined in 1950 that:

Chargaff 1-The amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine
2- and the amount of guanine equals the amount of
cytosine

Chargaff's rule  C = G and T = A

Chargaff

18
 If 23% of your DNA consists of G, how much C do you have?

٪2
٪54 ٪46 ٪23
7

If 17% of DNA consists of T, how much % of G is there?

٪34 ٪66 ٪33 ٪17

 The structure question

When 4 scientists joined the search

for the DNA structure

1- Rosalind Franklin .
2- Maurice Wilkins The meaning and importance of
3- Francis Crick Chargaff’s data became clear
4- J.Watson
Franklin took Photo 51 by a technique called X-ray diffraction

What do you notice from the pictures?

X-ray Diffraction
Aim X-
rays at
the
DNA
molecule
Wilkins Franklin Took Phopto
51
Indicated that DNA was:
1-A double helix.
2-Twisted ladder shape.
3-Formed by two strands of
nucleotides twisted around each
other.
 Molecular Genetics
X-ray Diffraction Rosalind Franklin’s (1951) famous
photo of X ray diffraction of DNA
 X-ray diffraction data helped
solve the structure of DNA
 Indicated that DNA was
a double helix
Watson and Crick
Built a model of the
double helix of DNA
Watson and Crick used research

To built a model
of the double
helix of DNA
Molecular Genetics
Watson and Crick
DNA Double Helix

1. two outside strands consist

of alternating deoxyribose
and phosphate
2. cytosine and guanine bases
pair to each other by three
hydrogen bonds
3. thymine and adenine bases
pair to each other by two
hydrogen bonds
 5
O
Watson and Crick 3
Nitrogenous
bases

3
DNA Double Helix P
O
5 P
5
O G C
1 2 3
Sugar-
4 4 phosphate
2 1 backbone
3 5
O
P P
5
T A 3

O
5
P 3 P
Nitrogen base pairing

Suggest the base

A
pair in
complementary
DNA strand.
G

T
 1-Complete as appropriate

“Rungs of ladder”
Nitrogenous
…………………….
…………………….
Base (A,T,G or C)
…………………….
…………………….

“Legs of ladder
outside strands”

……………………
Phosphate &
Sugar Backbone
…………………….

DNA Double Helix

…………………………………………
2-match each sentence with the correct label

thymine and adenine

bases pair to each
other by two hydrogen
bonds

Outside strands
consist of alternating
deoxyribose and
phosphate

cytosine and guanine

bases pair to each
other by 3 hydrogen
bonds
DNA called a twisted ladder
Proposed bonding
of the bases
explains

Ensuring a
consistent
Explains
distance
Chargaff’s data
between 2 rails
of ladder

Complementary baes pairing

Describe characteristic
of DNA replication
Write the correct
name of the bases,
A
Then determine U
which is in DNA only
and which is in RNA
only.

C T G
 CHAPTER 3

MOLECULAR GENETICS

SECTION 1:
DNA : the genetic material
Essential
Questions
vocabulary
Groups activity
5min
2point
Create a memory (device)
sketch to remember how the
nitrogenous bas are always
starter paired
Groups activity
3 min

Reading  Read p (68) DNA structure

strategy
 Individual activity 1 Explain the DNA structure compared to twisted ladder

2m
Groups activity
3 min Infer the distance between the two strands of DNA
6 points 2 consistent?

3 If G= 13% of your DNA how match C do you have

Stick strategy Choose the right answer

4 * C=T * C+T=G+A * purine = pyrimidine

Complementary base pairing used to determine the

5 DNA replication.
True false

6 If A =23 , how match C in the DNA?

 Rails of the ladder
are represented by
the
alternating deoxyribose
+ phosphate
DNA is
compared to The pairs of
bases
a twisted (cytosine–guanine or
ladder thymine–adenine)
form the steps.
  A purine base always binds to pyrimidine base
consistent Ensuring a consistent distance between the tow
distance strands
between 2
strands of
DNA
 If G= 13% of
your DNA how
match C do you
have
 Choose the right answer
• C=T
* C+T=G+A
* purine = pyrimidine

Complementary base pairing used

to determine the DNA replication.
true false
If A =23 , how
match C in the
DNA?
Individual activity
Groups activity
5m
 orientation

Carbon
numbering in
DNA sugar
 Molecular Genetics
Orientation

 On the top rail,

the strand is said
to be oriented 5′
to 3′.

 The strand on
the bottom runs
in the opposite
direction and is
oriented 3′ to
5′.
 The two strands are said to run anti-parallel

other
One
strand
strand

Hydrogen
bonds
 The orientation of the two strands is called
antiparallel (one strand right side up and
other stand upside down)

 Stands named by their Carbon orientation,

C-5 (5’) read five prime
 or C-3 (3’) read three prime

48
 Write the bases for the
Following number.

11

10
9
8
7
5
4
3
2
1
 points Self Teacher
evaluation evaluation
The model shows the 2
Double helix
structure
DNA STRUCTUR The model shows 2
MODLE Complementary base
pairing
Labeling the 2
composition of the
structure
Cooperation between 2
students of the group

Creativity in model 2
designing
 Molecular Genetics

What is the base-

pairing rule for
purines and
pyrimidines in True or False
the DNA A. A—G and C—T
molecule? B. A—T and C—G The work of Watson and
C. C—A and G—T Crick solved the mystery
of how DNA works as a
D. C—U and A—G
genetic code.
 Chromosome Structure

Describe DNA molecule

position and shape

The DNA
molecule in
prokaryotes
 Prokaryote Let’sEukaryote
compare
The DNA thems
s
molecule in
prokaryotes and Where is the
Eukaryotes cytoplas geneticnucleus
material
m
DNA present in
the cell ?
A ring of
DNA and Individual
Genetic form
associated chromosom
proteins es
Eukaryotes Chromosome Structure

million 140
nucleotides long in
straight line

It’s about 5
centimeters
Number of base
pairs= 51 to 245
million How will it fit into
the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell?!!!!
Molecular Genetics
Chromosome Structure
 DNA coils around histones to form nucleosomes,
which coil to form chromatin fibers.

 The chromatin fibers supercoil to form chromosomes

that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.
 DNA

nucleosomes
Describe the structure

Chromatin
of eukaryotic

fiber
chromosome

Supercoiled
fiber

Condensed section of
chromosome

chromosome
• An average
sized
chromosome
would be 5 cm
long if the DNA
were stretched
out

• DNA is
packaged to be
condensed in
the cell’s
nucleus
 +
++
What helped the
DNA to coils
around histones?

The negative charge of the phosphate groups in DNA

attracts the DNA to the positive charge in histone proteins.
Molecular Genetics

Look at the following figure. Identify the

proteins that DNA first coils around.

A. chromatin fibers
B. chromosomes
C. histones
D. nucleosome
 Molecular Genetics

Vocabulary double helix

Section 1 nucleosome
2