Machinery Alignment Techniques

QA/QC DEPARTMENT
 Contents

 Introduction/Definition
 Types of Alignment
 Alignment States
 Pre Alignment Checks
 Alignment Methods
 Thermal Growth
 Centering
 Reciprocating Machines’ Alignment
 Alignment of “V” Belts, Pulleys, Sprocket & Gears.
 Effects of Misalignment.
 Case Histories
 Introduction

 To bring the rotating members of driver and driven machines in the

desired line.
Example
 In case of shafts, bringing the two shafts in a straight line /
desired line.
 In case of pulleys, bringing the neutral axis or the faces of
two pulleys in a straight line.
 In case of gears, achieving the rolling contact between the
gears.
 In case of sprockets, bringing the faces in a straight line.
 Types of Alignment

In case of shafts, there are two types of alignment.

 Radial Alignment

 Radial alignment means to check the relative position

of rotating members in the vertical and horizontal
planes. In other words, it must be checked that the
axis of rotation of the members are in line / desired
line.
 Radial alignment can be further classified as
 Radial Vertical alignment
 Radial Horizontal alignment
 Types of Alignment

 Axial Alignment
 Axial alignment means to check the relative position
between the axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation
of the two members to be coupled. In other words, it
must be checked that the said axis are parallel or
have the required divergence.
 Axial alignment can also be classified as
 Axial Vertical alignment
 Axial Horizontal alignment
 Alignment States

 Cold Alignment
Alignment which is carried out when the machine is
at cold state.
 Hot Alignment
Alignment which is carried out when the machine is
at hot state.
 In Situ Alignment
Alignment which is carried out when the machine is in
operation.
 Pre Alignment Checks

Before undertaking an alignment job, it is prudent to

check for other deficiencies which would largely nullify
the benefits or prevent the attainment and retention of
good alignment. Below is the List of factors to be
considered before checking the alignment:
 Pre Alignment Checks

 Foundation
Adequate size and good condition. A rule of thumb
calls for concrete weight equal to three times
machine weight for rotating machines and five times
for reciprocating machines.
 Grout
Suitable material, good condition, with no voids
remaining beneath base plate. Tapping with a small
hammer can detect hollow spots, which can be filled
by epoxy injection or other means.
 Pre Alignment Checks

 Base plate
Designed for adequate rigidity. Machine mounting
pads should be flat, parallel and clean. Shims should
be made from corrosion and crush-resistant material.
Machine hold-down bolts should be of adequate size,
with clearance to permit alignment corrective
movement. Pad height should have at least 2 in.
jacking clearance beneath center at each end of
machine element to be adjusted for alignment. If
jackscrews are required, they are to be mounted with
legs sufficiently rigid to avoid deflection.
 Pre Alignment Checks

 Piping
Check the associated piping is well fitted and
supported, and sufficiently flexible, so that no more
than 0.003 in. vertical and horizontal (measured
separately – not total) movement occurs at the flexible
coupling when the last pipe flanges are tightened.
 Coupling Installation
Some authorities recommend installation on typical
pumps and drivers with an interference fit, up to .0005
in. per in. of shaft diameter. This can give problems in
subsequent removal or axial adjustment. If an
interference fit is to be used, we prefer a light one-say
0.0003 in. to 0.0005 in. overall, regardless of diameter.
Coupling cleanliness, and for some types, lubrication,
are important and should be considered.
 Line Diagram

 Position of the shaft, when the machine is in cold state,

can be represented graphically. This is called line
diagram of the machine.
 It is a very useful tool for visualizing the actual position of
the shaft, when carrying out the alignment.

Cont….
 Line Diagram

 A typical line diagram of Air Compressor (K-421) is

shown bellow.

Turbine HP LP
Casing Casing
 Alignment Methods (Shafts)

There are three methods of aligning the centerline of two

shafts:

 Aligning the shafts using feeler gauge & knife edge.

 Aligning the shafts with reverse method. It is also
sometimes referred as graphical method.
 Aligning the shafts using with dial indicators.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Alignment with feeler gauge and knife edge.

 Allowed only on flexible coupling, as precise alignment
can not be achieved.
 Radial misalignment is checked / corrected with the
help of straight edge or knife edge.
 Axial misalignment is checked / corrected with the
help of feeler gauge.
 This method is used only for aligning the shafts of non
critical machines.
 On critical machines, this method is used only when
enough space is not available on the rotating
members for clamping the alignment fixtures.
Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Graphical or Reverse method

 In this method, as the name suggests, graphical
techniques are used for aligning the rotating
members. One set of readings is taken from the loose
machine to the fixed machine, and the second set of
readings is taken from the fixed machine to the loose
machine. It is therefore sometimes referred as
reverse method.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 These readings are then plotted on the graph using

suitable scale. How much the rotating members are

misaligned, can then be calculated from the graph.

 In case of pump and motor, usually electric motor

is considered as the loose machine and the pump
is considered as the fixed machine.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Fix the clamping fixture on the motor’s shaft and place

the dial indicator on the coupling hub of the pump. Take
readings and record these values (a, b, c & d) on the
cross.
 Then fix the clamping fixture on the pump's shaft and put
the dial indicator on the coupling hub of the motor. Again
take the set of readings and record these values (e, f, g
& h) on the cross.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Calculate the misalignment in the elevation with the

help of following formula:
c-a e-g
A= and B=
2 2

 Plot the two calculated values (A & B) on the graph

paper, using appropriate scale, if required.
 Considering plus and minus signs, plot plus value
above the required line and minus value below the
required line.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Motor (Loose M/C) Pump (Fixed M/C)

Desired Line

B A
Note :
Motor and pump lines’ to be drawn as per suitable scale
Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Draw a line through these two points and determine the

thickness of the shims required at point C and D.
Remember to take the scale (if used) into account.

 Remove shims if the value is plus.

 Add shims if the value is minus.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods
Motor (Loose M/C) Pump (Fixed M/C)

Value measured

y Desired Line
x

D C B A
Actions required :
 Remove shims of thickness ‘x’ from motor rear feet
 Remove Shims of thickness ‘y’ from motor front feet
Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Similarly misalignment in the plan can be calculated with

the help of following formulae :

d-b f-h
A= and B=
2 2

While noting down the measured values ,i.e. b, d, f &

h, also note down the description of these points as
follows:
b & f = Tool room side
d & h = Elect. Shop side

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Plot the two calculated values (A & B) on the graph

paper, using appropriate scale, if required.
 Considering plus and minus signs, plot plus value
above the required line and minus value below
the required line.
 Move motor feet towards Elect. shop if the value is
plus.
 Move motor feet towards tool room if the value is
minus.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Motor (Loose M/C) Pump (Fixed M/C)

x
y
Value measured
Desired Line

D C B A
Actions required :
 Move motor rear side towards Elect. Shop by ‘x’
 Move motor front side towards Elect. Shop by ‘y’
Cont….
 Reverse Method

Following are the advantages of this method:

 Accuracy is not affected by axial movement of shafts in

sleeve bearings.
 Both shafts turn together, either coupled or with match

marks, so coupling eccentricity and surface irregularities

do not reduce accuracy of alignment readings.
 Face alignment, if desired, can be derived quite easily

without direct measurement.

Cont….
 Reverse Method

 Rim measurements are easy to calibrate for bracket

sag.
 Geometric accuracy is usually better with reverse
method in process plants, where most couplings have
spacers.
 With suitable clamp-on jigs, the reverse-indicator
method can be used quite easily for measuring without
disconnecting the coupling or removing its spacer. This
saves time, and for gear couplings, reduces the chance
for lubricant contamination.

Cont….
 Reverse Method

 For more complex alignment situations, where thermal

growth and / or multi-element trains are involved,
reverse method can be used quite readily to draw
graphical plots showing alignment conditions and
moves. It is also useful for calculating optimum moves
of two or more machine elements, when physical limits
do not allow full correction to be made by moving a
single element.
 When used with jigs and posts, single-axis leveling is
sufficient for ball-bearing machines, and two-axis
leveling for sleeve-bearing machines.

Cont….
 Reverse Method

 For long spans, adjustable clamp-on jigs are available

for reverse-indicator application, without requiring
coupling spacer removal.

 With the reverse-indicator setup, we mount only one

indicator per bracket, thus reducing sag as compared to
face-and-rim, which mounts two indicators per bracket.

Cont….
 Reverse Method

Disadvantages of this method are:

 Both coupled shafts must be rotatable, preferably by

hand, and preferably while coupled together.

 If the coupling diameter exceeds available axial

measurement span, geometric accuracy will be poorer
with reverse method.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Alignment with dial indicators.

For using dial indicators, it is necessary to prepare a
suitable outfit, which can hold three dial indicators
simultaneously. One dial indicators (R), with the axis
in the radial direction, will measure the radial
misalignment of the shafts. The two dial indicators (A1
and A2), with the axis in the axial direction, will
measure the axial misalignment of the shafts.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Note :
For having accurate readings, ensure dial indicator rod
remains perpendicular to the face while taking readings.
Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Alignment data can be measured

 By rotating one of the shafts, allowing the dial
indicator slide on the flange of the other shaft which
remains fixed.
 By rotating both the shafts at the same time.
 If possible, proceed in the later manner because in
this case the collected alignment data will be
independent of the machining and shape of the
coupling flanges.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

 Dial Indicator
 Dial Indicator works with the index of mm scale.
Before rotating the shaft and collecting the
misalignment data, ensure that all the three dial
indicators are set to zero. Also make sure that
traveling margin is available in these indicators.
 When recording the data, the plus sign shall be given
when the rod of the dial indicator goes back into its
seat or move inward. Minus sign shall be given when
the rod comes out.
 When the dial indicator main pointer rotates by 360°,
the dial indicator small pointer will show 1mm
displacement of the rod.
 Alignment Methods

 Radial Alignment
 Place the dial indicator on the rim of the coupling hub
and secure it with the help of suitable outfit.
 Measure the data during a rotation of 360°. The
algebraic sum of the values read on the horizontal
plane (900 & 2700) will be equal to the values read on
the vertical plane (00 and 1800).
 When noting down the alignment values, always
specify the hub (Driver or Driven) on which the dial
indicator moves.

Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Radial Alignment (Vertical Plane)

Dial Indicator readings: A
B
0
A
-y -y
B

-x
-y -y = -x x Side View
Radial vertical misalignment =
2
Action required :
Place shims of thickness x/2 mm under all the feet of
machine B Cont….
 Alignment Methods

Radial Alignment (Vertical Plane)

Dial Indicator readings:
A B
0 B A

-y -y

+x
(-y -y = +x) x Side View
Radial Vertical Misalignment =
2
Action required :
Remove shims of thickness x/2 mm from all the feet
of machine B
 Alignment Methods

Dial Indicator readings (Horizontal Plane)

0 A B

B
+x -x
A
0
(x -x = 0)
x
Radial Horizontal Misalignment = Plan View
2
Action required :
Move the motor (A) upward by distance x/2. During movement,
ensure that axial alignment may not get disturbed.
 Alignment Methods

 Axial Alignment
 Place the two dial indicators at 1800 by the vertical
axis.
 The necessity to use two dial indicators is due to the
fact that axial displacement of the two shafts to be
coupled may occur during the rotation of the two
flanges.
 By the use of two dial indicators the possible
displacements along the axis are annulled, where the
face displacements of the two hubs to be coupled
remain unattended.
 Alignment Methods

 Axial Alignment (Vertical Plane)

 Measure the data during a complete rotation of 3600.

A1 a=0 A2 e

b d f h

c g=0
 The value of axial misalignment on the vertical plan will be
the algebraic half difference of the reading (consider with
their signs) made on the dial indicators A1 and A2 after a
rotation of 1800 i.e.
c-e
Axial vertical Misalignment =
2 Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods
Case 01
 Axial Alignment (Vertical Plane) A1 = 0
Dial Indicators readings: A2 = +e

A1 a=0 +e A1
A2

b d f h

A2
-c g=0
c-e A1= -c
Axial vertical misalignment = A2 = 0
2
Side view
Whenever misalignment result has minus sign, the
flanges are open downwards.
Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods
Case 02
 Axial Alignment (Vertical Plane)
A1= 0
Dial Indicators readings: A2 = 0
A1
A1 a=0 A2 e = 0

b d f h
A2
c=0 g=0
c-e A1= 0
Axial vertical misalignment =
2 A2 = 0

Whenever misalignment result is ‘0’, there Side View

is no axial misalignment in vertical plane.
Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods
Case 03
 Axial Alignment (Vertical Plane)
A1= 0
Dial Indicators readings: A2 = -e A1
A1 a=0 A2 -e
h
b d f
A2
+c g=0
c-e A1= +c
Axial vertical misalignment = A2 = 0
2 Side view
Whenever misalignment result has plus sign,
the flanges are open upwards.
 Alignment Methods

 Axial Alignment (Horizontal Plane)

 Measure the data during a complete rotation of 3600.

A1 a=0 A2 e

b d f h

c g=0
 The value of axial misalignment on the horizontal
plan will be the algebraic half difference of the
reading (considered with their signs) made on the dial
indicators A1 and A2 after a rotation of 900 and 2700
c.e. (b – d) – (h - f)
Axial Horizontal Misalignment =
2 Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods
Case 01
 Axial Alignment (Horizontal Plane) Right
A1 = + d
Dial Indicators readings: A2 = + h
A1
A1 a=0 A2 e

-b +d -f +h
A2
c g=0 A1 = - b
(b - d) - (h - f) A2 = - f Left
Axial horizontal misalignment =
2
Plan view
Whenever misalignment result has minus sign, the
flanges are open to the left.
Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods
Case 02
 Axial Alignment (Horizontal Plane)
A1= - d Right
Dial Indicators readings: A2 = -h
A1
A1 a=0 A2 e

+b -d +f -h

g=0 A2
c

(b – d) – (h - f) A1= +b
Axial horizontal misalignment = A2 = + f Left
2
Whenever misalignment result has plus sign, the Plan view
flanges are open to the right.
Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods
Case 03
 Axial Alignment (Horizontal Plane) A1 = d Right
A2 = h
Dial Indicators readings:
A1
A1 a=0 A2 e

b d f h

A2
c g=0
=0
(b – d) – (h - f) A1 = b
Axial horizontal misalignment =
A2 = f
2
Left
Misalignment result is ‘o’, the flanges are axially
aligned in horizontal plane. Plan view
 Alignment Methods

 Alignment Correction Procedure

 After taking the complete alignment data, draw the
line diagram. This helps in visualizing the actual
physical condition of the machine. It thus helps in
deciding the actions to be taken in order to get the
desired alignment readings.
 Always correct the axial alignment in the vertical
plane first. One performs the correction by changing
the height of the shims placed underneath the feet of
the machine.
 Alignment Methods

 Axial Misalignment in the Vertical plane

e
a=0

b A1 f A2 h
d

Cont’d….
g=0
 Alignment Methods

 Axial Misalignment in the Vertical plane

Thickness of the shim to be removed from the rear feet, in
order to align the shafts, can be obtained from the formula
X.L
S=
ø
C-E
Where X= (Consider the sign)
2
L = Distance b/w the feet.

Ø = Distance b/w two dial indicators.

If the correction to be made is noticeable, it is
recommended to adjust the shim placed between the
grouted plates and the bedplates.
 Alignment Methods

 Alignment Correction Procedure

 After correcting the axial alignment in the vertical

plane, correct the radial alignment in the vertical
plane. Raise or Lower the machine by adding or
removing the shims from all the feet of the machine.
By doing such, axial alignment of the machine in
both the planes would not change.

 Best method to carry out the above action is to tight

the bolts of both the feet of one side first and than
add / remove the shims from the feet of another
side. Repeat the same process for removing /
adding the shims from the feet of first side.
Cont’d….
 Alignment Methods

 Alignment Correction Procedure

 After correcting the axial and radial alignment in the
vertical plane, correct the axial alignment in the
horizontal plane.
 As per alignment readings, make any foot of the
machine a “pivot”. This can be done by tightening the
bolt of that particular machine foot. After that, move
the machine in a horizontal plane about the pivot to
get the desired alignment readings.
 In the last, correct the radial alignment in the
horizontal plane.
 Alignment Methods

 Axial Misalignment in the Horizontal Plan (Viewing from

the Top)
Foot to be pivoted
 Face & Rim Method

Following are the advantages of this method:

 It can be used on large, heavy machines whose

shafts cannot be turned.

 It has better geometric accuracy than reverse-

indicator, for large diameter couplings with short
spans.

 It is easier to apply on short-span and small

machines.
 Face & Rim Method

Disadvantages of this method are:

 If used on a machine in which one or both shafts cannot

be turned, some run out error may occur, due to shaft or

coupling eccentricity.
 If used on a sleeve bearing machine, axial float error

may occur. One method of avoiding this is to bump the

turned shaft against the axial stop each time before
reading. Another way is to use a second face indicator
180 around from the first.
 If used with jigs and posts, two or three axis leveling is

required, for ball and sleeve bearing machines

respectively.

Cont’d….
 Face & Rim Method

 Face-and-rim has lower geometric accuracy than

reverse-indicator, for spans exceeding coupling or jig
diameter.
 Face sag is often insignificant, but it can occur on some
setups, and result in errors if not accounted for.
Calibration for face sag is considerably complex.
 For long spans, face-and-rim jigs are usually custom-
built brackets requiring spacer removal to permit face
mounting.
 Graphing the results of face-and-rim measurements is
more complex than with reverse-indicator
measurements.
 Leveling Curved Surfaces

 It is common practice to set up the “rim” dial indicators

so their contact tips rest directly on the surface of
coupling rims or shafts. If gross misalignment is not
present, and if coupling and/or shaft diameters are
large, which is usually the case, accuracy will often be
adequate.
 If, however, major misalignment exists, and/or rim or
shaft diameters are small, a significant error is likely to
be present. It occurs due to the measurement surface
curvature.
 This error can usually be recognized by repeated failure
of top-plus-bottom (T+B) readings to equal side-plus-
side (S+S).
 Jig Posts’

 Jig post is a rudimentary auxiliary surface, used for

“squaring the circle.” Another reason for using jig posts
is to permit measurement without removing the spacer
on a concealed hub gear coupling. If jig posts are used,
it is important that they be used properly. In effect, we
must ensure that the surfaces contacted by the
indicators meet these criteria:
 They must be leveled in coordination at top and
bottom dead centers, to avoid inclined plane error.

Cont’d….
 Jig Posts’

 If any axial shaft movement can occur, as with sleeve

bearings, the surfaces should also be made parallel to
their shafts. This can be done by leveling axially at the
top, rotating to the bottom, and rechecking. If bubble is
not still level, tilt the surface back toward level for a half
correction.
 If face readings are to be taken on posts, the post face
surfaces should be machined perpendicular to their rim
surfaces. In addition to this, and to previous steps just
described, rotate shafts so posts are horizontal. Using a
level, adjust face surfaces so they are vertical. Rotate
180o and recheck with level. If not still vertical, tilt back
toward vertical to make a half correction on the bubble.
This will accomplish our desired objective of getting the
face surface perpendicular to the shaft in all
measurement planes.
 Thermal Growth

 Thermal growth of machines may or may not be

significant for alignment purposes.
 In addition, movement due to pipe effects, hydraulic
forces and torque reactions may enter the picture.
 Vibration, as measured by seismic or proximity probe
instrumentation, can give an indication of whether
thermal growth is causing misalignment problems due to
differences between ambient and operating
temperatures.

Cont’d….
 Thermal Growth

 If no problem exists, then a “zero-zero” ambient

alignment should be sufficient. Through experience it
has been learnt that such zero-zero alignment is
adequate for majority of electric motor driven pumps.
 Zero-zero has the further advantage of simplicity, and
of being the best starting point when direction of growth
is unknown.
 For these reasons, zero-zero is preferable unless we
have other data that appear more trustworthy, or un-
less we are truly dealing with a predictable hot pump
thermal expansion situation.

Cont’d….
 Thermal Growth

 If due to vibration or other reasons it is decided that

thermal growth correction should be applied, several
approaches are available, as follows:

 Pure guesswork, or guesswork based on experience.

 Trial-and-error.
 Manufacturers’ recommendations.
 Calculations based on measured or assumed metal
temperatures, machine dimensions, and handbook
coefficient of thermal expansion.

Cont’d….
 Thermal Growth

 Calculations based on “rules-of-thumb,” which

incorporate the basic data of previous approach.
 Shut down, break the coupling, and measure before
machine gets cool down.
 Same as the previous approach, except use clamp-on
jigs to get faster measurements without having to break
the coupling.
 Make mechanical measurements of machine housing
growth during operation, referenced to base plate or
foundation, or between machine elements.

Cont’d….
 Thermal Growth

 Measure the growth using precise optical

instrumentation.
 Make machine and / or piping adjustments while
running, using vibration as the primary reference.
 Laser measurement represents another possibility.
 Same as the previous approach, except use eddy
current shaft proximity probes as the measuring
elements, with electronic indication and / or recording.
 Centering
(Machine Internal Alignment)

Centering refers to the alignment of the machine

internals. It is carried out with the help of dummy shaft.
Dummy shaft has adjustable legs. With the help of
dummy shaft and two dial indicators, which run on
extreme casing ends (Machine front & exhaust sealing
areas), casing central axis is achieved. Length of the
adjustable legs is then locked. Dummy shaft is then
removed and all the machine internals are installed. All
these internals are then aligned with the help of dummy
shaft.
 Centering

Centering can be classified into two types.

 Internal Centering
Centering of the machine internals, carried out when
the machine is in dismantled form is called internal
centering.
 External Centering
External Centering refers to the checking of machine
rotor center when the machine is in assembled form.
 Reciprocating M/cs’ Alignment

Perform the following operations in order to align and to

couple the machine which then form the unit.
 Install the flywheel in the compressor shaft end.

 Record the shaft deflections as follows.

 Put on inside micrometer in the crank nearest the

driver as shown in figure.
 Slowly rotate the shaft and read the shaft deflection
in a complete turn.
 Reciprocating M/cs’ Alignment

 Detect the mean oscillation of the flywheel during a

complete revolution of the compressor shaft and stop
the shaft at this point.
 The new centre line assumed by the compressor shaft
due to flywheel weight will be the reference centre line
for the subsequent alignment.
 Align the slow shaft of the speed reduce to the
compressor shaft in this position, then align the speedy
shaft of the speed reduce to the driver.

Cont’d….
 Reciprocating M/cs’ Alignment

 Tighten the bolts which lock the speed reducer and the
driver to the bedplate.

 Couple the compressor shaft and check again the

compressor shaft deflection which shall be the same
those read before the coupling.

Cont’d….
 Important Tips

 If the machine has more than four feet, then it is better

to carry out the alignment of the machine by reverse /
graphical method.
 Always carry out the alignment job in the early day time.
This will help in precluding the error which can occur
due to sunlight.
 Shims should be kink free. Also try to keep the no. of
shim as less as possible.
 Before alignment, always ensure that there is no “soft
footing” in the machine. If it exists, remove it prior to
align.

Cont’d….
 Important Tips

 Do not expect symmetrical thermal growth in

unsymmetrical machines.
 Before decoupling the machine, take alignment reading,
if time permits. It serves as a reference reading, as
some time it becomes difficult to get the desired
readings.
 Associated piping / supports have a tendency to induce
stresses in the machine during operation if they are not
properly designed. If machine gets misaligned during
operation, review the same

Cont’d….
 Gear Alignment

 Gear is a very costly element of the machine. If the two

gears are not fitted and aligned properly, they will
definitely get worm out rapidly. Moreover in the
aftermath of gear failure, major machine damage can
also be happened.

 It is therefore imperative to take extra care while fitting

any gear.

Cont’d….
 Gear Alignment

Following are the ways of checking the alignment of the

gears.
 Check the tooth flank contact pattern by applying

Prussian blue, using a piece of felt.

 Place two lead wire on the marked tooth (One on the

left and the other on the right) of the pinion. Rotate the
gear so that the wires are flattened. Measure the
thickness of the wires. The maximum variation in flank
clearance measure not exceed 0.02mm.

Cont’d….
Gear Alignment
 Pulley & Sprocket Alignment

V Belt pulleys or sprockets can be aligned with straight

edge bars or with strings. Both axial and redial
misalignments can be corrected.
Sprockets Alignment
Pulleys Alignment
 Effects of Misalignment

 Misalignment can cause the following problems on the

running machine.
 Vibration occurs due to misalignment in the machine
and associated / linked equipment’s.
 Excessive wear and temperature rise in the bearings.
 It causes coupling failure.
 Abnormal noise arises because of misalignment
 Over loading of prime movers
 Decreases the efficiency of the machine
Reciprocating Machine Train Alignment

useful information
THE END