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Career Decision-Making Approaches

This document discusses various approaches to career decision making including descriptive and prescriptive theories. Descriptive theories focus on explaining individual choices while prescriptive theories suggest ideal approaches. A spiritual perspective sees work as nourishing one's spirit. Lifecareer theory views life as one's career guided by inner wisdom. A cognitive information processing approach helps individuals understand how their thinking influences decisions. It uses a pyramid model involving knowledge, decision making skills, and executive processing to improve problem solving abilities.

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Ritam Ghosh
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34 views18 pages

Career Decision-Making Approaches

This document discusses various approaches to career decision making including descriptive and prescriptive theories. Descriptive theories focus on explaining individual choices while prescriptive theories suggest ideal approaches. A spiritual perspective sees work as nourishing one's spirit. Lifecareer theory views life as one's career guided by inner wisdom. A cognitive information processing approach helps individuals understand how their thinking influences decisions. It uses a pyramid model involving knowledge, decision making skills, and executive processing to improve problem solving abilities.

Uploaded by

Ritam Ghosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAREER DECISION-MAKING

APPROACHES

Two categories of decision making models


Two categories of decision making models

• Descriptive Theories - • Prescriptive Theories -


describe or explain the focus on the ideal
choices that an individual approach to decision
makes when deciding on making; originate with
career choices; usually psychological decision
based on adolescent or making theory or
adult decision making. observations of cognitive
decision making
• Example: spiritual processes
approach – life and • Example: Peterson et
career are related al.’s cognitive
information processing
approach
Personal and Common Realities

• Reality concerns the awareness of one’s


career decision-making

– Personal reality - an individual’s sense of


what is right

– Common reality - what others say the


individual should do
A SPIRITUAL PERSPECTIVE IN
DECISION MAKING

• Spirit – an essential principle that gives


life to physical being

• See work as a place where one’s spirit


can be nourished and person can develop
self
Spirituality

• When individuals experience the


wholeness of living; spirituality develops
Lifecareer Theory (Miller-Tiedeman)
• Sees each person as his own theory maker

• You are not looking for a career, you have one¼life is our
career

• By trusting inner wisdom that comes from your intellectual


ability, previous experiences, and intuition into past
experiences, you can experience your career

• Lifecareer is the dynamic lived-in-the-moment process


defined by each person in individual moments

• The client decides what works and what doesn’t, not the
counselor
Seven themes that people can use to better
understand their lives and the career decisions
that are a part of their lives
• Change - when change occurs by chance, it is called synchronocity; can be internal or
external; many feelings and emotions

• Balance - seek balance; it is natural to maintain balance between work, play, and other
activities

• Energy - needed in order to bring about change and balance in one’s life; many sources of
energy (from others, from self, etc.)

• Community - 3 types: (1) communities of companionship – immediate and extended family,


close friends, (2) communities of culture – neighbors, classmates, coworkers, (3) cosmic
community – those which concern large ideas, such as environment, poor, etc.

• Calling - finding one’s ideal work

• Harmony - finding the work that will bring about a true sense of appreciation and
understanding

• Unity - to believe in unity is to trust the universe


A Holistic Approach to Life Planning - Hansen

• Task 1: Finding Work that Needs Doing in a Changing Global


Context

• Task 2: Weaving our Lives into a Meaningful Whole

• Task 3: Connecting Family and Work

• Task 4: Valuing Pluralism in Individuality

• Task 5: Managing Personal Transitions and Organizational Change

• Task 6: Exploring Spirituality and Life Purpose


COUNSELOR ISSUES

• Spiritual approach - Focus on internal


decision-making process

• Be aware of different approach to


decision-making fo counselor and client

• Avoid “shoulds”, attend to client’s


personal reality
A COGNITIVE INFORMATION
PROCESSING APPROACH

• Peterson et al. – tried to help individuals


understand the way that they think and how that
influences their career decision making
Prescriptive point of view

• - prescribe or suggest ways that


individuals can think about career
decision making that will improve their
ability to make good career decisions
Four assumptions:
• 1. Both affect and cognitive processing are important
components of career decision making.

• 2. Individuals not only need to know about themselves and the


world of work, but also information about thinking and how it
affects decision making.

• 3. Information about self and the world of work is constantly


changing.

• 4. By improving one’s information processing capabilities,


clients can improve their career problem-solving abilities.
The Pyramid of Information
Processing
• Based on Sternberg’s approach to understanding
human intelligence; Three basic components:
• knowledge domain (knowing oneself and knowing
about world of work),
• decision-making skills domain (learn how to make
decisions),
• and the executive processing domain (become aware of
how their thoughts influence their decisions)
Decision-Making Skills
• The capabilities that enable people to process information about themselves and
occupations. Also known as CASVE:
• Communication – when people get input from within themselves or from the
environment, the communication process begins

• Analysis – examining the self-knowledge and occupational knowledge


domain

• Synthesis – when information is analyzed, then people can pursue courses


of action; synthesizing information through elaborating or crystallizing what
they have analyzed

• Valuing – the client evaluates or values possible actions or career directions

• Execution – once choices have been evaluated or have undergone the


valuing process, then a plan or strategy can be formulated to implement the
choice
The Executive Processing
Domain – top section of pyramid;
refers to higher order functions
• Three major ways of decision making
– Self-Talk - internal messages that we give ourselves about
career choice and other issues; can be positive or negative

– Self-Awareness - individuals can be more effective problem


solvers when they are aware of what they are doing and why
they are doing it

– Monitoring and Control - people can monitor the way in which


they go through the CASVE process and control how much time
they give to each of these stages or phases
The Career Thoughts Inventory
• Three scales
• Decision-Making Confusion - indicates the difficulty that
individuals have in initiating or sustaining career
decision making; relates to difficulties involved in CAS
steps of CASVE
• External Conflict - difficulty in balancing one’s own
views of information about self and occupations with
the views of others; relates to V in CASVE
• Commitment Anxiety - fear or anxiety that comes with
the difficulty in implementing a career choice and
addressing problems in moving from the valuing stage
to the execution stage
Seven-Step Service Delivery Sequence
• Represents a structured model of career counseling that is more
organized than most
• 1. Initial Interview – information is gathered about client’s career
problem; rapport; CASVE explained
• 2. Preliminary Assessment – screening instrument (e.g. Career
Thoughts Inventory) is given and readiness for counseling is assessed.
• 3. Define Problem and Analyze Causes – problem is clarified and
defined so that goals can be developed
• 4. Formulate Goals – together form goals; Goals become basis for
Individual Learning Plan (ILP)
•
5. Develop Individual Learning Plan – together develop an ILP that lists
the activities that are to be completed by the client in order to achieve her
goals
• 6. Execute Individual Learning Plan – with counselor’s help, clients
follow through on the ILP which is integrated with the CASVE cycle
• 7. Summarize Review and Generalization – after client has completed
ILP, together discuss progress towards reaching goals
COUNSELOR ISSUES

• Cognitive Information Processing Theory

• Avoid too much structure


• Consider seven step delivery model
• Decide whether or not to assess career
readiness

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