J- APPENDIX

2 - Takeoff Optimization Principle

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Takeoff Optimization Principle CONTENTS

Influent Takeoff Parameters

Takeoff Speed Optimization

Result Of The Optimization Process

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Takeoff Optimization Principle INFLUENT TAKEOFF PARAMETERS

Sustained parameters Free parameters

Runway
Clearway
Stopway
Elevation
Takeoff configuration
Slope
Obstacles Air conditioning
Temperature V1
Pressure
V2
Wind
Runway condition
Anti-ice
Aircraft status (MEL/CDL)

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Takeoff Optimization Principle CONTENTS

Influent Takeoff Parameters

Takeoff Speed Optimization

Result Of The Optimization Process

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

Speed Ratios: V1/VR and V2/VS

V1/VR Range

0.84  V1/VR  1

Any V1/VR increase (resp. decrease) should be considered to have the same
effect on takeoff performance as a V1 increase (resp. decrease).

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

Speed Ratios: V1/VR and V2/VS cont’d

V2/VS Range

(V2/VS) Min  V2/VS  (V2/VS) Max

Any V2/VS increase (resp. decrease) should be considered to have the same
effect on takeoff performance as a V2 increase (resp. decrease).

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

Second segment
gradient
Given
Masse and Thrust level
(takeoff thrust)

Maximum
gradient

V2/VS
V2/VS mini V2/VS optimum
1.13

Figure J4: Second Segment Climb Gradient versus V 2/VS ratio

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V1/VR Range influence

The purpose of this paragraph is to study the influence of V1/VR ratio
variations on takeoff performance, while the V2/VS ratio remains constant.
For that purpose, it is assumed that the following parameters are fixed:

Fixed parameters
Elevation
Runway
Clearway
Runway data Stopway
Slope
Obstacles
QNH
Outside conditions Outside Air Temperature
Wind component
Flaps/Slats
Air conditioning
Aircraft data Anti-ice
Aircraft status (MEL/CDL)
V2/VS

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V1/VR Ratio influence Runway Limitations

MTOW
An increase in MTOW limited by:
TODN -1
TORN -1
Fixed V2/VS TORN-1

TORN A decrease in MTOW limited by:

TODN-1 ASD (N or N -1)
TODN

Not influencing the MTOW limited by:

TODN
TORN

ASD

V1/VR
0.84 1
Figure J5: Runway Limited MTOW

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V1/VR Ratio influence Climb and Obstacle Limitations

MTOW Any V1/VR increase leads to

an increase in MTOW limited by:
Fixed V2/VS
Obstacles
Final TO
Not influencing the MTOW limited by
the:
1st segment First segment
Obstacle
Second segment
2nd segment
Final takeoff segment

V1/VR
0.84 1

Figure J6: Climb and Obstacle Limited MTOW

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V1/VR Ratio influence Brake Energy and Tire Speed Limitations

MTOW
Any V1/VR increase leads to
a decrease in MTOW limited by:
Fixed V2/VS Brake energy
Tire speed

Not influencing the MTOW limited

by the:
Tire speed
Brake energy

V1/VR
0.84 1

Figure J7: Brake Energy and Tire Speed Limited MTOW

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V1/VR Ratio influence All Limitations

MTOW
Tire speed
Final TO
Fixed V2/VS ratio TORN-1

TORN
TODN-1
TODN
1st segment
Obstacle
2nd segment
MTOW
Brake energy

ASD

V1/VR
0.84 Optimum V1/VR

Figure J8: Optimum MTOW

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V2/VS Ratio influence Runways Limitations

Any V2/VS increase leads to

MTOW
a decrease in MTOW limited by:

V2/VS  TORN-1 TODN-1 and TODN

TORN TORN-1 and TORN
TODN-1
TODN ASDN-1 and ASDN

ASD

V1/VR
0.84 1

Figure J9: V2/VS Effect on the Runway Limitation

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V2/VS Ratio influence Climb and Obstacle Limitations

Any V2/VS increase leads to

MTOW
an increase in MTOW limited by the:
V2/VS 
Final TO First segment
Second segment
Obstacles
1st segment
Obstacle
Not influencing the MTOW limited by
2nd segment
the:
Final takeoff segment

V1/VR
0.84 1

Figure J10: V2/VS Effect on Climb and Obstacle Limitations

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Takeoff Optimization Principle TAKEOFF SPEED OPTIMIZATION

V2/VS Ratio influence Brake Energy and Tire Speed Limitations

Any V2/VS increase leads to

MTOW
a decrease in MTOW limited by
V2/VS
the:
 Tire speed
Brake energy
Tire speed

Brake energy

0.84 1
V1/VR

Figure J11: V2/VS Effect on Brake Energy and

Tire Speed Limitations

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Takeoff Optimization Principle CONTENTS

Influent Takeoff Parameters

Takeoff Speed Optimization

Result Of The Optimization Process

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

Maximum Takeoff Weight

Result of the optimization

process
The highest possible MTOW
The optimum V1/VR ratio
The optimum V1/VS ratio

Takeoff Speeds Calculation

Once the optimum speed ratios (V1/VR and V2/VS) are obtained, the takeoff
speeds are obtained as follows:

AFM V2/VS AFM V1/VR

MTOW VS V2 VR V1

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

Takeoff weight

V2/VS

V1/VR

MTOW versus V1/VR and V2/VS Optimization

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

Takeoff weight

max W
actual T.O.W.

V2/VS range
V2/VS min
V2/VS optimum V2/VS max
0 V2/VS
V1/VR min

V1/VR range V1
optimum
VR
V1/VR max

V1/VR

MTOW versus V1/VR and V2/VS Optimization

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

V2/VS

V1/VR

MTOW versus V1/VR and V2/VS Optimization

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

Actual Representation of the V1/VR and V2/VS Optimization - Envelope in 3D

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

LIMITATIONS CODES

TLC codes OCTOPUS codes

A300/A310/A320 A318/A319/A320/A321/A330/A340

Codes Nature Codes Nature

1 Structural weight 1 1st segment
2 1st or 2nd segment 2 2nd segment
3 Runway (OEI) 3 Runway (OEI and AEO)
4 Obstacle 4 Obstacle
5 Tire speed 5 Tire speed
6 Brake energy 6 Brake energy
7 Runway (AEO) 7 Structural weight
8 Final takeoff 8 Final takeoff
9 VMU

Table J12: Takeoff Chart Limitation Codes

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

V2/VS Ratio influence Brake Energy and Tire Speed Limitations

MTOW

Tire speed
Final TO
TORN-1
optimum V2/VS
TORN
TODN-1
Takeoff weight is limited by
TODN obstacles and by the Accelerate
1st segment
Stop Distance (ASD).
2nd segment
An RTOW chart would indicate
Brake energy
MTOW Obstacle
Limitation Code 4/3.
ASD
Optimum V1/VR
V1/VR
0.84 1

Figure J13: Double Limitation Case

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

MTOW limited by one limitation

MTOW

Tire speed
Final TO
TORN-1
optimum V2/VS
TORN
TODN-1 Takeoff weight is only limited by
TODN
1st segment obstacles.
2nd segment
An RTOW chart would indicate
Limitation Code 4/4.
Brake energy

ASD
MTOW Obstacle
Optimum V1/VR
V1/VR
0.84 1

Figure J14: Single Limitation Case

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

MTOW limited by three limitations

The nature of the limitation depends
on the V1/VR ratio:
MTOW
Tire speed
At V1/VRmin (Point 1): The takeoff
Final TO
optimum V2/VS
TORN-1 weight is limited by both the TODN-
TORN 1 and the 2nd segment (RTOW
TODN-1 Code: 3/2).
TODN

Obstacle Between V1/VRmin and V1/VRmax: The

1st segment takeoff weight is only limited by the
MTOW 2nd segment 2nd segment (RTOW Code: 2/2).
ASD
Brake energy
At V1/VRmax (Point 2): The takeoff
V1/VR
range
weight is limited by the 2nd segment
and the brake energy (RTOW Code:
0.84 V1/VRmin V1/VRmax 1 V1/VR 2/6).

Figure J15: Triple Limitation Case

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

RTOW Chart Information

MTOW limit code

V1/VR/V2

Figure J16: A319 RTOW Chart Example

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Takeoff Optimization Principle RESULT OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

RTOW Chart Information (cont’d)

MTOW (1000 kg)

codes

V1min/VR/V2 (kt)

Figure J16: A319 RTOW Chart Example

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