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Basics of Earthing: Compiled By, Prof Shivam Shrivastava Ap-Ee, Itnu

The document discusses the basics of earthing systems. It defines key terms like earthing conductor and earthing resistance. It describes the different types of earthing systems used in electrical and instrumentation applications. It also outlines two common methods for testing earthing systems: the three-point or fall-of-potential method and the induced frequency or clamp-on method. Proper earthing is important for safety to prevent electric shocks by redirecting fault currents away from equipment and personnel.

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Shivam Shrivastava
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106 views19 pages

Basics of Earthing: Compiled By, Prof Shivam Shrivastava Ap-Ee, Itnu

The document discusses the basics of earthing systems. It defines key terms like earthing conductor and earthing resistance. It describes the different types of earthing systems used in electrical and instrumentation applications. It also outlines two common methods for testing earthing systems: the three-point or fall-of-potential method and the induced frequency or clamp-on method. Proper earthing is important for safety to prevent electric shocks by redirecting fault currents away from equipment and personnel.

Uploaded by

Shivam Shrivastava
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BASICS OF

EARTHING
COMPILED BY,
PROF SHIVAM SHRIVASTAVA
AP-EE, ITNU
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Basic Definitions
• Electrical Properties of Ground & Earthing System
• Types of Earthing System
• Testing of Earthing System
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION

• The earthing system, sometimes simply called ‘earthing’, is the total set of
measures used to connect an electrically conductive part to earth. The earthing
system is an essential part of power networks at both high- and low-voltage levels.

• The whole of the world may be considered as a vast conductor which is at


reference (zero) potential. In the UK we refer to this as 'earth' whilst in the USA it
is called 'ground'. People are usually more or less in contact with earth, so if other
parts which are open to touch become charged at a different voltage from earth a
shock hazard exists.
CONT…

• The whole of the world may be considered as a vast conductor which is


at reference (zero) potential. In the UK we refer to this as 'earth' whilst
in the USA it is called 'ground'. People are usually more or less in
contact with earth, so if other parts which are open to touch become
charged at a different voltage from earth a shock hazard exists.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
EARTHING
• The whole electrical system is tied to the • Cost: the provision of a complete
potential of the general mass of earth and
cannot 'float' at another potential.
system of protective conductors,
earth electrodes, etc. is very
expensive.
• By connecting earth to metal work not
intended to carry current (an extraneous
conductive part or a an exposed
conductive part) by using a protective
conductor, a path is provided for fault
current which can be detected and, if
necessary, broken.
BASIC DEFINITIONS

• Earthing conductor: is a conductor which connects a part of an


electrical installation, exposed conductive parts or extraneous
conductive parts to an earth electrode or which interconnects earth
electrodes.
• Reference earth: is that part of the ground, particularly on the earth
surface.
• Earthing voltage (earthing potential) VE: is the voltage occurring
between the earthing system and reference earth at a given value of
the earth current flowing through this earthing system.
CONT…

• Earth resistivity ρ (specific earth resistance): is the resistance,


measured between two opposite faces, of a one-metre cube of earth
(Figure 1). The earth resistivity is expressed in Ωm.
• Earth surface potential Vx : is the voltage between a point x on the
earth’s surface and reference earth.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUND
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
The electrical properties of earthing depend essentially on two
parameters:
• earthing resistance
• configuration of the earth electrode.

Earthing resistance determines the relation between earth voltage VE


and the earth current value. The configuration of the earth electrode
determines the potential distribution on the earth surface.
CONT…

The potential distribution on the earth surface is an important consideration in


assessing the degree of protection against electric shock because it determines the
touch and step potentials.

Step Potential: When current is flowing from an overhead conductor through a


chain-link fence to the earth, a high-voltage condition is created and a voltage
gradient will occur based on the resistivity of the soil, resulting in a voltage difference
– also known as a potential difference – between two points on the ground. This is
called a step potential as it can cause voltage difference between a person’s feet.
CONT…

• Touch Potential:Touch potential is the voltage between any two


points on a person’s body – hand to hand, shoulder to back, elbow to
hip, hand to foot and so on. For example, if an overhead conductor falls
on a car, and a person touches that car, current could pass from the
energized car through the person to the ground.
PICTURE VIEW OF STEP & TOUCH POTENTIAL
TYPES OF EARTHING SYSTEM.

• Electrical Earthing Systems: The earthing system, which is


designed, installed and connected to all electrical machineries and
equipment as well as the plant’s bulk equipment is called the
“Electrical earthing system” or “Electrical earthing network”.
• The overall earthing resistance of the electrical earthing system should
not be greater than 4 OHM, no matter which point of the grid is put
under measurement.
• In earthing systems, where bare conductors of the earthing grid is
buried directly underground, each section of the underground grid
actually acts as an individual earth.
CONT…

• Instrument Earthing Systems: In an industrial installation with


sophisticated power and electronic equipment, protective measures
should be taken to safeguard the instrumentation and the relevant
control panels.
• In an industrial installation with sophisticated power and electronic
equipment, protective measures should be taken to safeguard the
instrumentation and the relevant control panels.
• The earthing resistance should not be greater than 1 OHM throughout
the instrument earthing network.
TESTING OF EARTHING SYSTEM

There are two (2) methods for testing an existing earth electrode system.
The first is the 3-point or Fall-of- Potential method and the second is
the Induced Frequency test or clamp-on method.

1. 3-point or Fall-of-Potential: It is performed with complete


isolation with power utility.
2. Induced Frequency test: It is performed with power utility on.
3-POINT OR FALL OF POTENTIAL METHOD
INDUCED FREQUENCY METHOD OR CLAMP
ON TEST
• The Induced Frequency testing or commonly called the “Clamp-On” test
is one of the newest test methods for measuring the resistance-to-
ground of a grounding system or electrode. This test uses a special
transformer to induce an oscillating voltage (often 1.7 kHz) into the
grounding system.
• This method requires that the grounding system under test be
connected to the electric utilities to provide the return path for the
signal.
CONT…
CONCLUSION

• Earthing resistance and earth surface potential distribution are the


main parameters characterizing electrical properties of the earthing
system.
• Soil properties are characterized by earth resistivity, which changes
over a wide range from a few Wm up to few thousand Wm, depending
on the type of ground and its structure, as well as its humidity. As a
result, it is difficult to calculate an exact value of earthing resistance.
• Electrical parameters of the earthing system depend on both soil
properties and earth electrode geometry.

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