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Carnot Cycle

The Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs. It follows four steps: (1) isothermal expansion absorbing heat, (2) adiabatic expansion, (3) isothermal compression releasing heat, and (4) adiabatic compression. According to the Carnot theorem, no engine operating between two temperatures can have an efficiency greater than a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the reservoirs and is independent of the working substance.

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2K views9 pages

Carnot Cycle

The Carnot engine is a theoretical thermodynamic cycle that provides the maximum possible efficiency between two temperature reservoirs. It follows four steps: (1) isothermal expansion absorbing heat, (2) adiabatic expansion, (3) isothermal compression releasing heat, and (4) adiabatic compression. According to the Carnot theorem, no engine operating between two temperatures can have an efficiency greater than a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. The efficiency of a Carnot engine depends only on the temperatures of the reservoirs and is independent of the working substance.

Uploaded by

Vipin Titariya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Carnot Engine

Carnot engine is a theoretical


thermodynamic cycle proposed
by Leonard Carnot. It gives the estimate
of the maximum possible efficiency that a
heat engine during the conversion process
of heat into work and conversely, working
between two reservoirs, can possess. In
this section, we will learn about the Carnot
cycle and Carnot Theorem in detail
P- V DIAGRAM
Carnot Theorem

According to Carnot Theorem,


Any system working between two given
temperatures T1 (hot reservoir) and T2 (cold
reservoir), can never have an efficiency more than
the Carnot engine working between the same
reservoirs respectively. Also, the efficiency of this
type of engine is independent of the nature of the
working substance and is only dependent on the
temperature of the hot and cold reservoirs.
Carnot Cycle
A Carnot cycle is defined as an ideal
reversible closed thermodynamic cycle in
which there are four successive operations
involved and they are isothermal
expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal
compression, and adiabatic compression.
During these operations, the expansion and
compression of substance can be done up
to desired point and back to initial state.
Following are the four processes of Carnot cycle
CONTD..

Following are the four processes of Carnot cycle:


In (a), the process is reversible isothermal gas expansion. In this
process, the amount of heat absorbed by the ideal gas is qin from the
heat source which is at a temperature of Th. The gas expands and
does work on the surroundings.
In (b), the process is reversible adiabatic gas expansion. Here, the
system is thermally insulated and the gas continues to expand and
work is done on the surroundings. Now the temperature is lower, Tl.
In (c), the process is reversible isothermal gas compression process.
Here, the heat loss, qout occurs when the surroundings do the work at
temperature Tl.
In (d), the process is reversible adiabatic gas compression. Again the
system is thermally insulated. The temperature again rise back to Th as
the surrounding continue to do their work on the gas.
Steps involved in a Carnot Cycle
Step 1:
Isothermal expansion: The gas is taken from P 1, V1, T1 to P2, V2, T2. Heat Q1 is absorbed
from the reservoir at temperature T1. Since the expansion is isothermal, the total change
in internal energy is zero and the heat absorbed by the gas is equal to the work done by
the gas on the environment, which is given as:
W1→2=Q1=μ×R×T1×lnv2v1
Step 2:
Adiabatic expansion: The gas expands adiabatically from P 2, V2, T1 to P3, V3, T2.
Here work done by the gas is given by:
W2→3=μRγ−1(T1−T2)
Step 3:
Isothermal compression: The gas is compressed isothermally from the state (P 3, V3, T2)
to (P4, V4, T2).
Here, the work done on the gas by the environment is given by:
W3→4=μRT2lnv3v4
Step 4:
Adiabatic compression: The gas is compressed adiabatically from the state (P 4, V4, T2)
to (P1, V1, T1).
Here, the work done on the gas by the environment is given by:
W4→1=μRγ−1(T1−T2)
CONTD…

Hence, the total work done by the gas on the environment in


one complete cycle is given by:
W=W1→2+W2→3+W3→4+W4→1W=μRT1lnv2v1−μRT2lnv3v4
Netefficiency=NetworkdonebythegasHeatabsorbedbythegas
Netefficiency=WQ1=Q1−Q2Q1=1−Q2Q1=1−T2T1lnv3v4lnv2v1
Since the step 2–>3 is an adiabatic process, we can write T1V2Ƴ-1 =
T2V3Ƴ-1
Or,
v2v3=(T2T1)1γ−1
Similarly, for the process 4–>1, we can write
v1v2=(T2T1)1γ−1
This implies,
v2v3=v1v2
So, the expression for net efficiency of carnot engine reduces
to:
Netefficiency=1−T2T1

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