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Lecture Jet Engine

Aircraft engines use Newton's third law to generate thrust by expelling gases at high speeds to counteract drag on the aircraft, and there are two main categories - reciprocating engines with pistons and gas turbine engines which intake, compress, ignite, and expand air to power aircraft through mechanisms like turbojets, turboprops, and afterburners. Gas turbine engines come in variants like turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, and turboshafts that are used across different aircraft to efficiently generate thrust or shaft power for propellers and rotors through combustion and expansion of gases in the engine.

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149 views

Lecture Jet Engine

Aircraft engines use Newton's third law to generate thrust by expelling gases at high speeds to counteract drag on the aircraft, and there are two main categories - reciprocating engines with pistons and gas turbine engines which intake, compress, ignite, and expand air to power aircraft through mechanisms like turbojets, turboprops, and afterburners. Gas turbine engines come in variants like turbojets, turbofans, turboprops, and turboshafts that are used across different aircraft to efficiently generate thrust or shaft power for propellers and rotors through combustion and expansion of gases in the engine.

Uploaded by

Hibba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Aircraft Engines

Newton’s Third Law of Motion


• For every action force, there is an equal
and opposite reaction force
• Aircraft drag must be counteracted by
thrust
Lift

Drag
Thrust

Weight
Engine Operation Similarity
• Reciprocating and turbine engines have
same four operations

Intake Compression Ignition Expansion


Engine Categories
A. Reciprocating (contains pistons)
1. Gasoline-powered
• Two stroke
• Four stroke
2. Diesel-powered (not typical in aircraft)
B. GasTurbine
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
3. Turboprop
4. Afterburning turbojet
5. Turbo Shaft
6. Scram Jet
7. Rockets
• Jet engine is nothing but a Gas turbine.

• It works under the principle of Newton’s


third law

• It states that “For every acting force there


is an equal and opposite force”

• Gas turbine operates like toy balloon

5
How A Jet Engine Works
?
• Jet engines move the airplane forward with a
great force that is produced by a tremendous
thrust and causes the plane to fly very fast.

6
Gas Turbine Engine
Thrust Producer Shaft Power Producer

• Compressor supplies high pressure air to


the combustor where it is heated by
burning fuel
• Flow leaving the combustor has a lot of
energy
Gas Turbine Engine
• Purpose of a gas turbine engine is to
generate thrust to propel an aircraft or to
generate shaft power
• Thrust is a force generated by accelerating
air
• Thrust is rate of change of momentum
  𝑚
 
𝐹 𝑁 =𝑊 ( v 𝑗 − v 𝑜 ) 𝑊 = 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 ( )
𝑠
v 𝑜 =𝐹𝑙𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
 

 𝐹 𝑁 =𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑇h𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡  
v 𝑗=𝐽𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Gas Turbine Engine Parts and Operation

PRESSURE
Exploded view
Tu

r
so
rb

es
in

pr SPARE
showing components
e

m ork
Co aft w PRESSURE
Sh

Large pressure Small pressure


rise drop
Cold section Hot section
Parts Of Jet Engine
 FAN
 COMPRESSOR
 COMBUSTOR/
Combustion Chamber
 TURBINE
 MIXER
 NOZZLE

10
How A Jet Engine Works ?
Fuel Burner
 Fuel is mixed with
the air, and electric
sparks light the air,
causing it to
combust

Combustion
Chamber
 The air is burnt

 Increase in the
temperature of the
air, thus increases
the pressure inside
the engine

11
How A Jet Engine Works ?
Turbine
 Works like a windmill
 The blades gain energy
from the hot gases
moving past them
 This movement is used
to power the
compressor

Jet Pipe and


Propelling Nozzle
 The hot air rushes out
of the nozzle
 High pressure
 Hot air rushes out at
very high speed

12
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine
1. Turbojet
2. Turbofan
3. Turboprop
4. Afterburning turbojet
5. Turbo Shaft
6. Scram Jet
7. Rockets
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine

1. Turbojet

2. Turbofan
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine

1. Turboprop

2. Afterburning turbojet
Engine Categories
Gas Turbine
1. Turbo Shaft
2. Ram/Scram Jet
3. Rockets
Turbojet
• The turbojet engine is a reaction engine
• Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained
by employing an afterburner
Turbojet
• Simplest and earliest gas turbine
• Air flows continuously through engine
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power (combustion) Exhaust
Power
4. Exhaust Compression
Intake
Turbojet
SR-71 Engine
Turbofan

• Modern military and commercial aircraft


• Combines best of high and low speed and
altitude performance
• Two airstreams
– Center core of air sent through
process similar to basic turbojet
– Some air passes around this center
turbojet
– Ratio of two streams is bypass ratio
Turbofan
• The objective of this sort of bypass system is to increase thrust
without increasing fuel consumption.
• It achieves this by increasing the total air-mass flow and reducing the
velocity within the same total energy supply.
• 75% of thrust is produced by the fan.

21
A Turbofan Aircraft Engine:

22
Turbofan
Turbofan

Boeing 777 Engine

Boeing 767 Engine


Turbofan Engine Size

Boeing 777 Engine Intake


Turboprop
• A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a propeller.

• Modern turboprop engines are equipped with propellers that have a


smaller diameter but a larger number of blades for efficient operation at
much higher flight speeds

26
Turboprop

• Turbine engine (with power turbine) turns


propeller
• Propellers develop thrust by moving large
mass of air through small change in
velocity
• Used in low speed transport aircraft and
small commuter aircraft
• Turbo shaft is similar but drives a rotor for
helicopters
Turboprop Example
Afterburning Turbojet
• Most military fighter jet engines (turbojet
and turbofan) use afterburners
• Helps exceed drag close to sound barrier
• Nozzle extended and fuel injected in hot
gases for extra thrust
• Inefficient burn uses a lot of fuel
Afterburning Turbofan
Variable nozzle geometry

3-stage fan

Afterburner
Single-stage LP turbine
Single stage HP turbine
Note: LP = Low Pressure
HP = High Pressure
Ramjet SCRAM Jet

• It has no moving parts

• Its compression ratio


depends on forward
speed

• It has no static thrust

• Guided-missile
systems, Space
vehicles use this type
of jet 31
Turboshaft
• It does not drive a propeller
• It provides power for a
helicopter rotor
• It permits the rotor speed to be
kept constant even when the
speed of the generator is varied

32
Rockets

Assignment
Gas Turbine Alternate Uses
• Also used to power
– Racing cars
– Ships
– Electrical power generators
– Natural gas pumping stations
Engine Placement
• Engine arrangements
• Under wing
– Engine weight close to lift generation
– Reduces wing structure
• Rear-fuselage
• Mixed under wing and rear fuselage
Rockets-Assignment

Principle of Operation
Uses
Advantages
Disadvantages
Why not used in Aircraft

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