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Partial Differentiation

This document provides an overview of partial differentiation, which is the differentiation of functions with multiple independent variables with respect to one of the variables while treating the others as constants. Some key points covered include: - The partial derivative of a function z with respect to x is denoted as ∂z/∂x. - Geometrically, the partial derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function parallel to one of the coordinate axes. - Higher order partial derivatives can be found by partially differentiating a partial derivative. - The total differential and total derivative relate the change in a function to the change in an independent variable when other variables are functions of that variable.

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Cedric Josef
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391 views63 pages

Partial Differentiation

This document provides an overview of partial differentiation, which is the differentiation of functions with multiple independent variables with respect to one of the variables while treating the others as constants. Some key points covered include: - The partial derivative of a function z with respect to x is denoted as ∂z/∂x. - Geometrically, the partial derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function parallel to one of the coordinate axes. - Higher order partial derivatives can be found by partially differentiating a partial derivative. - The total differential and total derivative relate the change in a function to the change in an independent variable when other variables are functions of that variable.

Uploaded by

Cedric Josef
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTIAL

DIFFERENTIATION

Prepared by: GROUP 7


Calizo, Danica
Diaz, Feliciano Angelo
Hernandez, Engelbert
Mazaredo, Alyssa
Tenorio, Jhon Loyd
Tibi, Lairis Chinee
LET US BEGIN

Partial Differentiation
CONTENTS
Overview
Partial Derivative
Geometric Interpretation of Partial Derivative
Partial derivatives of higher order
TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
Partial Differentiation of Implicit Functions
TANGENT PLANE AND NORMAL LINE
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
OVERVIEW
Since we have discussed the
differentiation of a function with one
independent variable, in this chapter
we are focusing on the differentiation
of several independent variables.
Examples of these functions are the
following familiar formulas:

Go back to
Slide 3
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
Partial Derivative is the derivative of
a function of several variables with
respect to one of them and with the
remaining variables treated as
constants.
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
Let , if y is held constant,
then z becomes temporarily a function
of the single variable x, thus we can
compute the derivative of z with respect
to x by employing the rules for ordinary
differentiation of functions with single
variable. Similarly if x is held constant,
we can also compute the partial
derivative of x with respect to y.
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
In the function the
partial derivative of z with respect to x
is symbolically denoted by:

similarly, the partial derivative of z with


respect to y is denoted by:
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
If , then the partial
derivative of z with respect to x (or y)
is symbolically defined as:

E(8.1)

E(8.2)
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
Example: If find:

(please use E(8.1) and E(8.2)


respectively)
Solution for (
)
Changing variable x into the equation
becomes

by E(8.1)

The reporter will show the solution for on the board


PARTIAL DERIVATIVE

An alternative solution in getting the


partial derivative z with respect to x (or y) in
the example is by considering y (or x) as
constant then apply the rules for ordinary
differentiation.
Alternative Solution:
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
Exercise:
Find in the function:

PLEASE SOLVE IT MENTALLY. GOODLUCK!

ANSWER:

Go back to
Slide 3
GEOMETRIC
INTERPRETATION OF
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE
Refer to the sketched graph to be posted
on board for more precision
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVE

EQUATION OF TANGENT LINE

E(8.3)

E(8.4)
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVE

•Let the graph of a surface defined by


the equation
•Let be a point on the
surface.
•Let be the equation of the
plane passing through P and parallel
to the xz plane.
•Name the intersection of the surface
and the plane as
curve APB
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVE

Example:
Find the equation of the line
tangent to the ellipse

The first approach here is to partially


differentiate z with respect to y, since if we
substitute x=2 in the equation, variable x
will be constant.
Solution:

(Substituting y=-1 and z=1)

Using E(8.4):

Note: We’ll also get the same answer if we use dy/dz because
the slope of it will be just the reciprocal of the slope dz/dy, and
the variables and intercepts in E(8.4) will interchange.
GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF PARTIAL DERIVATIVE

Exercise:
Find the equations of the tangent to
the parabola

Go back to
Slide 3
PARTIAL
DERIVATIVES OF
HIGHER ORDER
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE OF HIGHER ORDER

Note that in partial derivative, we


are dealing about the partial
differentiation of the function with
respect to an independent variable,
therefore, the second (or third) partial
derivative of the function can possibly
define by another variable present in
the equation.
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE OF HIGHER
ORDER

Recall that in the previous lesson, the


derivative of a function could be
differentiated again termed as a second
derivative. Similarly in the partial
differentiation point of view, if we
differentiate the partial derivative of a
function with respect to a certain
variable again it will be the second
partial derivative of the function.
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE OF HIGHER ORDER

Four possible ways in getting the


second partial derivatives of the function
:
(1)

(2) If the partial derivative of


the functions are
continuous, then (2) and (3)
(3) are equal

(4)
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE OF HIGHER ORDER

Find in the equation


SOLUTION

The remaining second partial


derivative will be shown on board
PARTIAL DERIVATIVE OF HIGHER ORDER

Exercise

Find

Go back to
Slide 3
TOTAL
DIFFERENTIATION
TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION

The total differential dz of a function


is defined as:
E(8.5)

If then,
E(8.6)
TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION
Example 1
If
Solution:

Substituting in E(8.5) gives:


TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION
Example 2

A right circular cylinder has base


radius 4 cm and height 12 cm. Find the
approximate increase in the volume of
the cylinder if the radius is increased by
0.2 cm and the height ft 0.3 cm.
TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION
Exercise
Each edge of a rectangular tank is
increased by 0.5 ft. If originally the
height is 4 ft and the base is a square
of side 2 ft, find the approximate
increase in the volume.

Go back to
Slide 3
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
If the independent variable x and y in
the equation is a function of
another variable, let’s say , then it can

be said that is the total derivative of

the equation
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
We could find the total derivative of
the function with respect to
t by dividing its total differential z to dt.
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
If then the total
derivative of u with respect to t is
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
If t=x, then:
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
Find in terms of t
Solution:
TOTAL DERIVATIVE
Exercise
The edges of a rectangular
parallelepiped are 3,4 and 5 ft
respectively. If each edge increases at
the rate of 2ft/sec, find the rate at which
the volume is increasing

Go back to
Slide 3
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
In this manner, if

Then,
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Implicit Functions are defined by the


equation then, if

,by

and if the values of x and y will satisfy

the first equation, therefore


(Differentiation of Implicit Function with 3
variables present in the equation)

Substitute 5 in 4
(Differentiation of Implicit Function with 3
variables present in the equation)

If dy=0 , dx is not
0

If dx=0 , dy is not
0
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Example

Find dy/dx:
Solution:

Let
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Exercise: Find

Go back to
Slide 3
TANGENT PLANE AND NORMAL
LINE
TANGENT PLANE AND NORMAL
LINE

Equation of Tangent Plane:

E(8.14)

Equation of Normal Line:

E(8.15)
TANGENT PLANE AND NORMAL
LINE
TANGENT PLANE AND NORMAL
LINE
Example
Find the equation of the tangent plane
and the equations of the normal line to the
surface
TANGENT PLANE AND NORMAL
LINE

Exercise

Find the equation of the tangent plane


and the equations of the normal line to the
surface

Go back to
Slide 3
MAXIMA AND
MINIMA
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Consider the equation:
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
RULES IN FINDING MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM
VALUE OF THE FUNCTION
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
RULES IN FINDING MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM
VALUE OF THE FUNCTION

For x=a and y=b, z will have:


1. A maximum value if D>0 and Zxx<0
2. A minimum value if D>0 and Zxx>0
3. Neither a maximum nor a minimum value if D<0
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Examine or test the function for maxima


and minima:
MAXIMA AND MINIMA

NOTE: “Max-Min” problems can also


be solved by the methods of partial
differentiation
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
Example:
Find the dimensions of the
rectangular box, open at the top,
which has a minimum surface area
if the volume is 256 cu. Ft.
MAXIMA AND MINIMA
EXERCISE
1.Test the function for maxima and
minima. Find the maximum or minimum
value.

2. Find the maximum product of three


positive numbers whose sum is 250
IN CASE OF A CLINCHER ROUND, THE
GROUPS WHOSE TIED IN THE FIRST
PLACE MUST ANSWER THE FOLLOWING
QUESTION. THEY MUST HAND THEIR
ANSWER SHEETS TO THE LAST
REPORTER. THE FIRST GROUP TO GIVE
THEIR ANSWERS CORRECTLY WILL WIN
THE GAME. GOOD LUCK!
NOTE: Be more precise for the last
question
A boy from point A1 was heading
North at the rate of 50cm/sec through
point B2, then decided to walk
eastward through point E814 at
60cm/sec. If the distance between
point A1 and B2 is 200 meters, what is
E(8.14)?

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