Unit 4 Topic 27-29 Congestion Control and QoS
Unit 4 Topic 27-29 Congestion Control and QoS
• Congestion control
– try to avoid traffic congestion
• Quality of Service
– create an appropriate environment for the traffic
Data traffic
• Variable-bit-rate traffic
– ADR !=PDR Small MBS
• Bursty traffic
– ADR & PDR Very different
– MBS significant
– main cause of congestion
Congestion
• Appears if the load on the network is greater than the
capacity of the network
– load: the number of packets sent to the network
– capacity: the number of packets a network can handle
• Why congestion occurs?
– Because routers and switches have queues that hold the
packets before and after processing
• Congestion control: keep the load below capacity
Congestion (cnt’d)
…+ queuing delay
transmission delay +
processing delay +
propagation delay
• throughput:
number of packets passing
through the network
RTT
two se
gm ents
four s
egmen
ts
Time
Slow Start
• Not so slow
– Exponential increase in transmission rate.
• Continues until:
– Loss detected or…
– w > ssthresh
• At first, we don’t know what ssthresh is.
– Will continue until a loss is detected.
– ssthresh = w / 2
– Restart slowstart.
• Hopefully makes it to ssthresh before another loss.
Congestion Avoidance
• When w >= ssthresh. Host A Host B
RTT
until (loss detected)
w = 4.25
w = 4.5
w = 4.75
w=5
On average, w increases
by 1 every RTT during
congestion avoidance.
Time
Fairness
Assume that the transmission rate in each of the links is R bps.
FIFO queuing
Priority queuing
starvation problem
Scheduling (cnt’d)