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Congestion and QoS

The document discusses congestion control and quality of service (QoS) in network layers, focusing on data traffic management. It outlines mechanisms for preventing and removing congestion, as well as techniques to improve QoS, including scheduling and traffic shaping. Additionally, it covers Integrated Services and Differentiated Services models for providing QoS in the Internet.

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16 views49 pages

Congestion and QoS

The document discusses congestion control and quality of service (QoS) in network layers, focusing on data traffic management. It outlines mechanisms for preventing and removing congestion, as well as techniques to improve QoS, including scheduling and traffic shaping. Additionally, it covers Integrated Services and Differentiated Services models for providing QoS in the Internet.

Uploaded by

mitalisingh2754
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Layer

(Congestion Control and Quality of Service )


Unit III

By
Arvinda kushwaha
Professor
Department of Data Science
GCET Greater Noida(097)
Content
Network Layer
Point - to Pont Networks
Routing
Congestion control
Internetworking -TCP / IP, IP
packet
IP address, IPv6.
1 DATA TRAFFIC

The main focus of congestion control and quality of


service is data traffic. In congestion control we try to
avoid traffic congestion. In quality of service, we try to
create an appropriate environment for the traffic. So,
before talking about congestion control and quality of
service, we discuss the data traffic itself.

Topics discussed in this section:


Traffic Descriptor
Traffic Profiles
Figure 1 Traffic descriptors
Figure 2 Three traffic profiles
2 CONGESTION

Congestion in a network may occur if the load on the


network—the number of packets sent to the network—
is greater than the capacity of the network—the
number of packets a network can handle. Congestion
control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to
control the congestion and keep the load below the
capacity.

Topics discussed in this section:


Network Performance
Figure 3 Queues in a router
Figure 4 Packet delay and throughput as functions of load
3 CONGESTION CONTROL

Congestion control refers to techniques and


mechanisms that can either prevent congestion, before
it happens, or remove congestion, after it has
happened. In general, we can divide congestion
control mechanisms into two broad categories: open-
loop congestion control (prevention) and closed-loop
congestion control (removal).

Topics discussed in this section:


Open-Loop Congestion Control(prevention)
Closed-Loop Congestion Control( removal )
Figure 5 Congestion control categories
Figure 6 Backpressure method for alleviating congestion
Figure 7 Choke packet
4 TWO EXAMPLES

To better understand the concept of congestion


control, let us give two examples: one in TCP and the
other in Frame Relay.

Topics discussed in this section:


Congestion Control in TCP
Congestion Control in Frame Relay
Figure 8 Slow start, exponential increase
Note

In the slow-start algorithm, the size of


the congestion window increases
exponentially until it reaches a
threshold.
Figure 9 Congestion avoidance, additive increase
Note

In the congestion avoidance algorithm,


the size of the congestion window
increases additively until
congestion is detected.
Note

An implementation reacts to congestion


detection in one of the following ways:
❏ If detection is by time-out, a new slow
start phase starts.
❏ If detection is by three ACKs, a new
congestion avoidance phase starts.
Figure 10 TCP congestion policy summary
Figure 11 Congestion example
Figure 12 BECN( backward explicit congestion notification )
Figure 13 FECN( forward explicit congestion notification )
Figure 14 Four cases of congestion
5 QUALITY OF SERVICE

Quality of service (QoS) is an internetworking issue


that has been discussed more than defined. We can
informally define quality of service as something a
flow seeks to attain.

Topics discussed in this section:


Flow Characteristics
Flow Classes
Figure 15 Flow characteristics
6 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE QoS

In Section 5 we tried to define QoS in terms of its


characteristics. In this section, we discuss some
techniques that can be used to improve the quality of
service. We briefly discuss four common methods:
scheduling, traffic shaping, admission control, and
resource reservation.
Topics discussed in this section:
Scheduling
Traffic Shaping
Resource Reservation
Admission Control
Figure 16 FIFO queue
Figure 17 Priority queuing
Figure 18 Weighted fair queuing
Figure 19 Leaky bucket
Figure 20 Leaky bucket implementation
Note

A leaky bucket algorithm shapes bursty


traffic into fixed-rate traffic by averaging
the data rate. It may drop the packets if
the bucket is full.
Note

The token bucket allows bursty traffic at


a regulated maximum rate.
Figure 21 Token bucket
7 INTEGRATED SERVICES

Two models have been designed to provide quality of


service in the Internet: Integrated Services and
Differentiated Services. We discuss the first model
here.

Topics discussed in this section:


Signaling
Flow Specification
Admission
Service Classes
RSVP
Problems with Integrated Services
Note

Integrated Services is a flow-based QoS


model designed for IP.
Figure 22 Path messages
Figure 23 Resv messages
Figure 24 Reservation merging
Figure 25 Reservation styles
8 DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES

Differentiated Services (DS or Diffserv) was


introduced by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task
Force) to handle the shortcomings of Integrated
Services.

Topics discussed in this section:


DS Field
Note

Differentiated Services is a class-based


QoS model designed for IP.
Figure 26 DS field
Figure 27 Traffic conditioner
9 QoS IN SWITCHED NETWORKS

Let us now discuss QoS as used in two switched


networks: Frame Relay and ATM. These two networks
are virtual-circuit networks that need a signaling
protocol such as RSVP.

Topics discussed in this section:


QoS in Frame Relay
QoS in ATM
Figure 28 Relationship between traffic control attributes
Figure 29 User rate in relation to Bc and Bc + Be
Figure 30 Service classes
Figure 31 Relationship of service classes to the total capacity of the network

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