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Fluid Properties

Here are the conversions: a) 2600 mmHg = 1951 psi b) 275 ft H2O = 834 kPa c) 3.00 atm = 29,528 N/m^2 d) 280 cmHg = 37,333 dyne/cm^2 e) 20 cmHg vacuum = -1.06 atm (abs) f) 25.0 psig = 33,858 mmHg (gage), 101,858 mmHg (abs) g) 325 mmHg = 325 mmHg (gage) h) 35.0 psi = 94 cm CCl4

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Khiara Claudine Espinosa
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255 views23 pages

Fluid Properties

Here are the conversions: a) 2600 mmHg = 1951 psi b) 275 ft H2O = 834 kPa c) 3.00 atm = 29,528 N/m^2 d) 280 cmHg = 37,333 dyne/cm^2 e) 20 cmHg vacuum = -1.06 atm (abs) f) 25.0 psig = 33,858 mmHg (gage), 101,858 mmHg (abs) g) 325 mmHg = 325 mmHg (gage) h) 35.0 psi = 94 cm CCl4

Uploaded by

Khiara Claudine Espinosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Properties of Fluids

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

Intensive properties are those that Extensive properties are those whose
are independent of the mass of a values depend on the size—or extent
system, such as temperature, —of the system. (i.e. mass, volume
pressure, and density. and momentum)
Continuum
• The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point functions and
to assume that the properties vary continually in space with no jump
discontinuities.
• The continuum idealization is implicit in many statements we make, such as
“the density of water in a glass is the same at any point.”
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC WEIGHT and SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density (ρ) is its mass per unit volume:
  𝑚   𝑃(𝑀𝑀 )
ρ  = ρ  =
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
Specific Volume (ν) is the volume per unit mass:
  1
ν  =
ρ
Specific Weight (Ƴ) of any substance is the force of
gravity in unit volume:
  𝐹
Ƴ =
v
Specific Gravity:
  ρ𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
spec .  gravity  =
ρ𝑟𝑒𝑓
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
DENSITY, SPECIFIC VOLUME, SPECIFIC WEIGHT and SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1. Calculate the specific weight, specific volume and density of methane at 100˚F and 120 psi
absolute.
2. If 6 m3 of oil weighs 47 kN, calculate its specific weight, density and specific gravity.
3. At 90˚F and 30.0 psi absolute the volume per unit weight of a certain gas was 11.4 ft 3/lb. Determine
its gas constant R and the density.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
SURFACE TENSION (σ)
Surface tension of a liquid is the work that must be done to bring enough molecules from inside the
liquid to the surface to form one new unit area of that surface.
NOTE: The value of surface tension of water with air is 0.0756 N/m at 0˚C, or 0.00518 lb/ft at 32˚F.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
SURFACE TENSION (σ)
EXAMPLE
1. Develop the expression for the relation between the gage pressure p inside a droplet of liquid and
the surface tension σ.
2. A small drop of water at 80˚F is in contact with the air and has diameter 0.0200 in. If the pressure
within the droplet is 0.082 psi greater than the atmosphere, what is the value of the surface tension?
3. A needle 35 mm long rests on a water surface at 20˚C. What force over and above the needle's
weight is required to lift the needle from contact with the water surface?
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
CAPILIARITY

where
h = height of capilliary rise(or depression)
σ = surface tension
β = wetting angle
γ = specific weight of liquid
D = diameter of tube

NOTE: if the tube is clean, wetting angle is 0˚ for water and about 140˚ for mercury.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
CAPILIARITY
EXAMPLE
1. Calculate the approximate depression of mercury at 20˚C in a
capilliary tube of radius 1.5 mm. Surface tension is 0.514 N/m, and its
specific weight is 133.1 kN/m3.
2. Estimate the height to which water at 70˚F will rise in a capilliary
tube of diameter 0.120 in.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY (κ)
Fluid contracts when more pressure is applied on it and expands when the
pressure acting on it is reduced. Isothermal compressibility expresses the
compressibility of a fluid.

Bulk modulus of Elasticity (E) is the ratio of the change in unit pressure to
the corresonding volume change per unit volume. It is simply the invere of
isothermal compressibility.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY (κ)
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VOLUME EXPANSIVITY (β)
Coefficient of volume expansion (volume expansivity) represents the
variation of density of a fluid with temperature at constant pressure.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
COMBINED EFFECT

Then the fractional change in volume (or density) due to changes in


pressure and temperature can be expressed approximately as:
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
EXAMPLE

(a)Find the change in volume of 1.000 ft3 of water at 80˚F when


subjected to a pressure increase of 300 psi. (b) From the following test
data determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of water: at 500 psi the
volume was 1.000 ft3, and at 3500 psi the volume was 0.990 ft3.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
EXAMPLE

Water is usually assumed to be incompressible. Determine the


percentage volume change in 10 m3 of water at 15˚C if it is subjected
to a pressure of 12 MPa from atmospheric pressure.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
EXAMPLE
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
SPEED F A SOUND
• Disturbances introduced at some point in the fluid propagate at a finite velocity.
Example: If valve is closed suddenlyàcreates localized disturbance which increases
downstream after some time, the pressure chance is felt upstream.
• The velocity at which the disturbance propagates: acoustic velocity or speed of
sound (c)
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION

• Saturation temperature (Tsat) is the


temperature at which the pure substance
changes phase at a given pressure.
• Saturated pressure (Psat) is the pressure at
which a substance changes phase given the
temperature.
• Vapor pressure (Pv) of a pure substance is
defined as the pressure exerted by its vapor
in phase equilibrium with its liquid at a given
temperature. Vapor pressure turns out to be
identical to the saturation pressure.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION

• Cavitation is the formation of


cavitation bubbles due to a sudden
drop in pressure.
• This phenomenon is a common cause
for drop in performance and even the
erosion, surface pitting, fatigue failure,
and the eventual destruction of the
components or machinery.
• The presence of cavitation in a flow
system can be sensed by its
characteristic tumbling sound.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
VAPOR PRESSURE AND CAVITATION
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
PRESSURE

1. Pressure is defined as the


normal component of the
force per unit area exerted by
the fluid on a real or
imaginary boundary.
• Fluid pressure – is the
minimum force that would
have to be exerted on a
frictionless plug in the hole to
keep the fluid from emerging
PROCESS VARIABLES
PRESSURE
• Atmospheric Pressure – is the
pressure exerted by a column of
atmosphere.
• Gauge Pressure - is the pressure
from measuring devices
• Absolute Pressure – pressure of
zero corresponds to perfect
vacuum
• Pressure head - is the height of
the hypothetical column of this
fluid that would exert the given 𝑃= 𝑃0 + 𝜌 𝑔h
 
pressure at its base.
PROCESS VARIABLES
PRESSURE

 PRESSURE CONVERSIONS
1 atm = 14.7 psi (lbf)
= 101325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa
= 760 mmHg
= 760 Torr
= 29.92 inHg
= 33.91 ft water
1 bar = Pa

P = P 0 + Pg
PROCESS VARIABLES
EXAMPLE
 Convert the following:
a. 2600 mmHg to psi
b. 275 ft H2O to kPa
c. 3.00 atm to N//
d. 280 cmHg to dyne/
e. 20 cmHg of vaccum to atm (abs)
f. 25.0 psig to mmHg (gage) to mmHg (abs)
g. 325 mmHg to mmHg (gage)
h. 35.0 psi to cm CCl4

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