水洞實驗-流動分離與控制作業

曾玉琦、張瑄容、卓妤婕、曾齡立、廖紫涵、彭莉棋

Abstract

This experiment uses flow visualization to study flow separation near a bluff body. Flow
separation occurs when a fluid stream encounters an obstacle, leading to detached
regions. The research aims to understand separation characteristics and explores
modifying the bluff body's shape to control separation effects. By optimizing flow
patterns through changes in geometry, researchers seek improved control and efficiency
in managing flow separation in fluid dynamics applications.

Keywords: Fluid mechanics, Flow Visualization, Flow Separation, Fluid Dynamics

Applications

effects of flow separation. By altering the

1. Introduction contour or design of the bluff body,
researchers aim to optimize the flow
In this experiment, the focus is on patterns and minimize adverse effects
utilizing flow visualization techniques to associated with flow separation. This
study the flow separation phenomenon in exploration of different bluff body shapes
the vicinity of a bluff body. Flow is conducted with the ultimate objective
separation occurs when a fluid stream of achieving improved control and
encounters an obstacle, such as a bluff efficiency in managing flow separation in
body, leading to the formation of fluid dynamics applications.
separated regions where the flow
detaches from the surface. The goal of the 2. Literature Review
experiment is to investigate and
understand the characteristics of flow 5.1 公式有用到的都要在這裡做解釋
separation near the surface of the bluff
body. 3. Experiments
The purpose of this experiment is to
Furthermore, the study involves observe the flow separation phenomenon
modifying the shape of the bluff body to vortex shedding phenomenon of different
explore how changes in geometry can flow speed and model, including cylinder
influence and potentially control the and airfoil.

1
 Flow separation occurs in the flow Steps
that is slowing down and in increasing Place a cylinder into a water tank,
pressure. When the flow traveling in set up the frequency (which can be
adverse pressure gradient, which convert into velocity). In this
impedes the tendency of the fluid near the experiment, we choose 4 Hz,8 Hz,12
surface to move downstream, the flow Hz,16 Hz,20 Hz and 24 Hz. Start up
will be separated from the body surface, the circulating system and laser light
and take the form of vortices. The point sheet optic system, observe, take the
where flow separation occurs is known as long exposure pictures and recording
the separation point. As for vortex the process of vortex shedding and
shedding, it occurs when a fluid flow past flow separation on the surface of the
a bluff body and thus create low-pressure cylinder. Change the frequency and
vortices at the back of the model. observe again. Replace cylinder with
In the experiment, we may find out airfoil model (NACA4412). Repeat
the location of separation point and Step 1and 2. Adjust the angle of
compare to different flow speed, and for attack to 25 degrees. Repeat Step1
vortex shedding phenomenon, the vortex and 2. Observe the flow field and
shedding frequency will be estimated. analyze the result.
Besides, by adjusting the angle of attack,
we can also observe the differences of the 4. Results
flow field between different bodies,
including bluff body.  Cylinder
Furthermore, to conduct the
experiment, we apply the method of flow  NACA0012 Airfoil 0°angle of
visualization. When using laser light, the attack
flow is illuminated by laser light, which
turn out that it can display the trajectory The following are long-exposure
of the fluid as it passes the object. As the images of airfoil taken at different
result, the image of flow field can be frequencies.
captured by a camera over a long The orange-marked point is the
exposure time thus we can see the separation point.
pathline of the particles clearly. d = the vertical distance from the
separation point to the leading edge.
Experimental equipment c = the chord line.
Circulating System 、 Laser Light
Sheet Optic 、 cylinder 、 airfoil model
(NACA4412)、recording equipment

2
Figure.8 4Hz, 0°angle of attack Figure.12 20Hz, 0°angle of attack

Figure.9 8Hz, 0°angle of attack Figure.13 24Hz, 0°angle of attack

To further analyze the result, we

could take d/c as the relative position of
flow separation point.

Table.2
ratio of d and c at different frequency
frequency(Hz) d/c
Figure.10 12Hz, 0°angle of attack 4 0.625
8 0.517
12 0.667
16 0.64
20 0.612
24 0.736

Figure.11 16Hz, 0°angle of attack

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 Figure.14 8Hz, 25°angle of attack
Figure.14
ratio of d over c at different frequency
of NACA0012 Airfoil 0°angle of
attack

 NACA0012 Airfoil 25°angle of

attack
The following are long-exposure
images of airfoil taken at different Figure.15 12Hz, 25°angle of attack
frequencies.
The orange-marked point is the
separation point.
d = The vertical distance from the
separation point to the leading edge.
c is the chord line.

Figure.16 16Hz, 25°angle of attack

Figure.15 4Hz, 25°angle of attack

Figure.17 20Hz, 25°angle of attack

4
 Figure.18 24Hz, 25°angle of attack

Table.2
ratio of d and c at different frequency

frequency(Hz) d/c
4 0.207
8 0.243 "Freestream" in fluid dynamics
12 0.25 refers to the undisturbed flow of fluid,
16 0.259 typically air or water, away from
20 0.316 obstacles or disturbances. It provides a
24 0.337
reference point for analyzing fluid
behavior and is characterized by a steady,
uniform flow with constant properties.
The difference between these two
figures is one has shadows while the
other does not.
When the frequency of the
disturbance is excessively high and the
velocity of the water flow surpasses a
certain threshold, it induces the formation
Figure.21 of ripples on the water surface.
ratio of d over c at different Consequently, this phenomenon
frequency of NACA0012 Airfoil gives rise to the observation of shadows
25°angle of attack within the water tank.
In the experiments we conducted,
5. Discussions the occurrence of this phenomenon was
observed at 24 Hz frequency.

5
5.1 Based on the same model and angle
of attack, will the separation points
move as the flow speed varies?

In the flow, the separation point will

move as Reynold’s number
changing, which is affected by
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
velocity. (Re= = , V is flow
𝜇𝜇 𝑢𝑢 Flow with different Renold’s number on a
speed) cylinder-shaped airfoil
Take increasing velocity for
example. When the speed of the 5.2 How is the separation formed?
oncoming flow is increased, the
Reynolds number increases by the Separation occurs in flow that travel
same factor. As the Reynolds against adverse pressure gradient,
number gets larger, boundary layers and it starts at the point that the
get thinner and viscous effects shear force on the near surface goes
diminish and that will make to zero, that is the velocity gradient
separation point move downstream. goes to zero.
Separation point is defined as the
point where the shear force τw is When the flow travel on the rear
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 surface of the model we observe, the
equal to zero, which can be = 0.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 flow will expand due to the
According to Thwaites' method, curvature of the solid surface. Due
V∞ μ to this expansion, the flow velocity
τw ≈ (λ + 0.09)0.62 , 𝜆𝜆
θ is decreasing and the pressure is
θ2 dV∞ increasing, which cause an adverse
=( )( ). Separation will occur at
v dx pressure gradient (Flowing against
a point of zero shear stress, which an increasing pressure, dP/dx > 0 for
gives λ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ≈-0.09. From the a flow in the positive x-direction).
equation, we can observe that flow This make fluid experiences a force
speed would affect separation point. opposing its motion in the direction
of the flow, and fluid that is close to
the surface of the body will have a
low momentum and can be brought
to rest or moved in a counterflow
direction.

6
5.3 What is the streamline function of for incompressible and inviscid pote
an inviscid flow over a cylinder? ntial flow the drag force and lift is
zero on a body moving with
For an inviscid, irrotational, steady constant velocity relative to the fluid.
flow over a cylinder, the streamline But zero drag is in direct
function is: contradiction to the observation of
substantial drag on bodies moving
𝑎𝑎2
𝜓𝜓 = 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 �1 − 2 � relative to fluids, such as air and
𝑟𝑟 water; especially at high velocities
𝜓𝜓 is the stream function corresponding with high Reynolds
𝑈𝑈 is the freestream velocity numbers.
𝑟𝑟 is the radial distance from the The main assumptions in the
center of the cylinder derivation of d'Alembert's paradox is
𝜃𝜃 is the polar angle that
𝑎𝑎 is the radius of the cylinder 1.The steady flow
Based on this equation, we know is incompressible, inviscid and irrota
that the streamline function over the tional.
surface of the cylinder equals to zero 2. The flow field is boundless
𝑎𝑎2 3.There are no singular points such as
(1 − = 0 ). But it's important to
𝑟𝑟 2 sources, sinks, and vortices in the
note that this is an idealized flow field.
representation and does not account 4.Objects move in a straight line with
for viscous effects. In real-world constant velocity
situations, viscosity would play a 5.The flow is not separated on the
role, and the flow field near the surface of the object.
surface of the cylinder would differ
from this inviscid model.

5.4 Based on d’Alembert Paradox, what

are the lift and drag forces equal to? Figure??(Jr, 2016)
Is his theory true? Are there any
stagnation points around the Theoretically (a), the pressure
cylinder surface? Is the theory in distribution is symmetrical about both the
good agreement with the x-axis and the y-axis. The area where the
experiments? arrow in the figure extends from the
D'Alembert proved that – center of the cylinder outwards shows
negative pressure, and points B and D are
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the points with the smallest pressure on resultant velocity is zero. The following
the cylinder surface; The inward area of pictures are the experimental results
the arrow shows positive pressure, and taken by the cylinder at different
points A and C are the points with the frequencies and flow rates. Stagnation
highest pressure on the cylinder. points are marked by red circles.

Because the pressure distribution is

symmetrical about both the x-axis and the
y-axis, there is neither lift nor drag, and
the resultant force on the cylinder is zero.

However, this theoretical result is

seriously inconsistent with the
experimental result (b). Compared with
the theoretical result, the second half of
the actual experiment changed greatly.
The positive pressure at C changed to
negative pressure, destroying the
symmetry of the pressure with respect to
the y-axis. property, thus causing
resistance acting on the object. As a result,
the theory isn’t in good agreement with
the experiments.
According to scientific consensus, the
occurrence of the paradox is due to the
neglected effects of viscosity. With
respect to the paradox, this culminated in
the discovery and description of
thin boundary layers by Ludwig Prandtl.
Even at very high Reynolds numbers, the
thin boundary layers remain as a result of
viscous forces. These viscous forces
cause friction drag on streamlined
objects, and for bluff bodies the
additional result is flow separation and a
low-pressure wake behind the object,
leading to form drag.

Stagnation Points are points where the

8
 dimensional stream.
However, what does “thin”
represent? Actually, there is no hard
boundary. Although Egbert Torenbeek
(1982) gave the definition that thin
airfoils means thickness/chord ratios is
less than 6% when he discussed the way
to distinguish three types of stall, he
didn’t explain the reason elaborately.
Besides, he didn’t talk about the
influence of camber and nose shape too.
But maybe we can use this concept and
do the research deeply.
And then before we use airfoil
theory, here have several assumptions
that are listed below must be satisfied:
The occurrence of the Second World  Small camber and thickness:
War elevated the significance of The airfoil is assumed to have a
precision in compressibility corrections, small camber (curvature of the
prompting the refinement of the Prandtl- upper and lower surfaces) and a
Glauert rule. Subsequently, other small thickness compared to the
formulations were developed, with two chord length (the distance from
notable examples being the Karman- the leading edge to the trailing
Tsien rule (equation 8.4) and Laitone’s edge).
rule (equation 8.5). Despite being
initially formulated for pressure
coefficients, these rules can be extended
and applied to lift coefficients.
Furthermore, if we want to simplify
the calculation, we need to use the
Figure.?? Airfoil schematic
concepts of thin airfoil theory. Thin
diagram(Kaushik, 2019)
airfoil theory is the basis for an airflow
From the figure??, the shape of the
analysis technique that relates angle of
camber line Z (x) is written as
attack to lift for an incompressible and
1
inviscid flow past an airfoil. It assumes 𝑍𝑐 (𝑥𝑥 ) = [𝑍𝑥 (𝑥𝑥 ) + 𝑍𝑙 (𝑥𝑥)]
2
the airfoil has an infinitely long wingspan
and the airfoil thickness t (x) will be
and infinitely small thickness, and
idealizes the flow past the airfoil as two-

9
 𝑡(𝑥𝑥 ) = 𝑍𝑢𝑢 (𝑥𝑥 ) − 𝑍𝑙 (𝑥𝑥) assumed to be constant along the
Note that, for a thin airfoil, the span.
thickness (t) at every location (x) Note that thin airfoil theory is not
measured from the leading edge is much universally applicable; its accuracy is
smaller than the chord (c). That is, highest when dealing with airfoils
𝑡 ≪ 𝑐𝑐 featuring minimal camber and thickness
(Kaushik, 2019) at relatively modest angles of attack.
 Incompressible flow: The theory In the end, the lift coefficient CL is
assumes that the flow of air is a dimensionless parameter used in
incompressible, meaning that aerodynamics that relates the lift force
changes in air density due to generated by lifting body to density and
variations in pressure are velocity of the fluid flowing around it,
negligible. and the reference area over which this
 Airflow is inviscid (flow without lift acts. The lift coefficient is defined as
viscosity) the ratio of the lift force (L) to the
 Potential flow: The theory assumes dynamic pressure (q) and the reference
that the flow of air around the wing area (S):
airfoil is irrotational, meaning that 𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝐶𝜌𝜌 =
the air flows smoothly without any 𝑞. 𝑆
vortices. The airfoil's surface when In this formula: L is the lift force,
viewed from a distance looks which is the force perpendicular to the
almost similar to the case as if they direction of fluid flow. q is the dynamic
were placed along the camber line. pressure, which is the pressure exerted
by a fluid in motion, and is given by
q=0.5ρV2, where ρ is the air density and
V is airspeed. S is the reference surface
area of the object.
Moreover, this experiment was
conducted under conditions of low-
speed and incompressible flow. The
further application of these findings to
compressible flow environments is
feasible. The lift coefficient can be
adjusted based on the lift coefficient
obtained under incompressible flow
Figure??(Kaushik, 2019) conditions, thereby deriving the lift
 Constant circulation: The coefficient for compressible flow. The
circulation around the airfoil is simplification from incompressible to
10
compressible flow is guided by the The occurrence of the Second
following rules and assumptions. World War elevated the significance of
The earliest method for precision in compressibility corrections,
compressibility corrections in fluid prompting the refinement of the Prandtl-
dynamics is the Prandtl-Glauert rule. Glauert rule. Subsequently, other
The Prandtl-Glauert rule is based on the formulations were developed, with two
foundation of the Linearized notable examples being the Karman-
Perturbation Velocity Potential Tsien rule as
Equation, denoted as equation below.
𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃,0
The utilization of this equation requires 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝 =
2 + �𝑀𝑀 2 ��1 + �1 − 𝑀𝑀 2 �� × 𝐶𝐶 ⁄2
�1 − 𝑀𝑀∞ ∞ ∞ 𝑃𝑃,0
satisfaction of the following two
conditions: (1) Small perturbation, and Laitone’s rule below.
involving thin bodies and a small angle 𝐶𝐶𝑃𝑃,0
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =
2 + �𝑀𝑀 2 {1 + [(𝑟𝑟 − 1) ∕ 2]𝑀𝑀 2 } ∕ 2 × �1 − 𝑀𝑀 2 �𝐶𝐶
�1 − 𝑀𝑀∞
of attack. (2) The Mach number in both ∞ ∞ ∞ 𝑃𝑃,0

subsonic and supersonic conditions. It is Despite being initially formulated

essential to note that the results obtained for pressure coefficients, these rules can
using this rule are estimations rather be extended and applied to lift
than exact values. coefficients.
2
𝜕𝜕 2 𝜙𝜙� 𝜕𝜕 2 𝜙𝜙� 6. Conclusion
(1 − 𝑀𝑀∞ ) + =0
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝑦𝑦 2 7. Reference
 Jr, J. D. A. (2016). Fundamentals
The Prandtl-Glauert rule is
of Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill
exclusively applicable to pure subsonic
Education.
conditions (Mach number ≥ 0.7).
 Kaushik, M. (2019). Theoretical
Through demonstration and
and Experimental Aerodynamics.
transformation, it has been proven that
Singapore: Springer.
for a airfoil in the compressible flow
doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1678-4
domain (x, y), it can be converted to the
 Torenbeek, E. (1982). Synthesis of
incompressible flow domain (ξ, η). As
Subsonic Airplane Design.
the airfoil remains unchanged, the lift
Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
coefficient in the incompressible flow
doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3202-4
can be appropriately modified and
transformed into the lift coefficient for
compressible flow, as expressed in
equations below.
𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿,0
𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿 =
�1 − 𝑀𝑀∞ 2

𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃,0
𝑐𝑐𝑃𝑃 =
2
�1 − 𝑀𝑀∞
11
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