CHAPTER 4 – TRANSMISSION LINES

Chapter Outline
 General Considerations
 Lumped-Element Model
 Transmission-Line Equations
 Wave Propagation on a Transmission Line
 The Lossless Transmission Line
 Input Impedance of the Lossless Line
 Special Cases of the Lossless Line
 Power Flow on a Lossless Transmission Line
 The Smith Chart
 Impedance Matching
 Transients on Transmission Lines
General Considerations
Transmission line – a two-port network
connecting a generator circuit to a load.
So…What is the use of transmission
line??
A transmission line is used to transmit
electrical energy/signals from one point to
another
◦ i.e. from one source to a load.
Types of transmission line include: wires,
(telephone wire), coaxial cables,
optical fibers n etc…
 The role of wavelength
length of line, l
The impact of a transmission line on
the current and voltage in the circuit
depends on the: frequency, f of the
signal provided by
generator.

 At low frequency, the impact is negligible

 At high frequency, the impact is very significant
Propagation modes
Electric field lines
Magnetic field lines

Transverse waves propagating along th

lines having electric and
electromagnetic
magnetic field that are enti
(TEM) transverse to the direction
transmission lines propagation
Propagation
modes
Higher order waves propagating along these
have at least one significant f
transmission component in the direction
lines propagation
 Propagation modes

A few examples of transverse electromagnetic (TEM) and higher order transmission line
 Lumped- element model
A transmission line is represented by a parallel-wire
configuration regardless of the specific shape of the
line, (in term of lumped element circuit model)
◦ i.e coaxial line, two-wire line or any TEM line.
Lumped element circuit model consists of four basic
elements called ‘the transmission line parameters’ :
R’ , L’ , G’ , C’ .

Series element Shunt element

 Lumped- element model
 Lumped-element transmission line parameters:
◦ R’ : combined resistance of both conductors per unit length, in Ω/m
◦ L’ : the combined inductance of both conductors per unit length, in H/m
◦ G’ : the conductance of the insulation medium per unit length, in S/m
◦ C’ : the capacitance of the two conductors per unit length, in F/m

For example, a coil of wire has the property of

inductance. When a certain amount of inductance is
needed in a circuit, a coil of the proper dimension is
inserted
Lumped- element model
 Lumped- element model for 3 type of lines

Note: µ, σ, ε pertain to the insulating material between conductors

 Example 1:
Use table 5.1 to compute the line parameter
of a two wire air line whose wires are
separated by distance of 2 cm, and, each is 1
mm in radius. The wires may be treated as
perfect conductors with σc= .
R’ = ?, L’=?, G’=?, C’=?
 Solution Example 1:
 f o f o
Rs Rs 
R'  o Rs   Rs  0  R' 0

a σc = 

  
L '  ln ( d / 2 a )  ( d / 2 a ) 2  1 
  

G' 
 2 
ln ( d / 2 a )  ( d / 2 a )  1) 
σc=   G' 0
 

C'
 2 
ln ( d / 2 a )  ( d / 2 a )  1) 
 
   
L '  ln ( d / 2 a )  ( d / 2 a ) 2  1 
  

d  2 cm  0 . 02 m
a  1 mm  0 . 001 m

  0.02 0.02 2 
L'  ln ( ) ( )  1
  2(0.001) 2(0.001) 

 L'  1.20H / m
 
C'
 
ln ( d / 2 a )  ( d / 2 a ) 2  1) 
 
d  2 cm  0 . 02 m
a  1 mm  0 . 001 m


C'
 0.02 0.02 2 
ln ( ) ( )  1
 2(0.001) 2(0.001) 

 C ' 9.29 pF / m
 Example 2:
Calculatethe transmission line parameters at
1 MHz for a rigid coaxial air line with an
inner conductor diameter of 0.6 cm and
outer conductor diameter of 1.2 cm. The
conductors are made of copper.
(μc=0.9991 ; σc=5.8x107)

f = 1MHz
r1 = 0.006m/2 = 0.003m
r2 = 0.012m/2 = 0.006m
 Solution Example 2:
 f
Rs  1 1  Rs 
R'     o
2  a b 
 (1Mhz ) 
Rs   Rs  2 . 608 x10  4
5 .8 x10 7

2.608 x10 4  1 1 
R'    
2  0.003 0.006 

 R '  0 . 0208  / m
 BARE IN
 UR MIND
L'  ln(b / a )
2   o  r
a  0 . 003 m o  (const33)
From calculator
b  0 . 006 m
r  from appendix B
  0.006  (pg238)
L'  ln 
2  0.003 

 L'  0.138H / m
 BARE IN
2 UR MIND
C'
ln  b / a 
   o r
 o  (const32)
d  2 cm  0 . 02 m
From calculator
a  1 mm  0 . 001 m
 r  from appendix B
(pg 237)
2
C'
 0.006 
ln  
 0.003 

 C ' 80.3 pF / m
 2
G' 
b
ln  
a
Because, the material
G ' 0 separating the inner and outer
is perfect dielectric (air) with
σ=0, thus G’ = 0

G’ : the conductance of the insulation

medium per unit length, in S/m
Transmission line equations
Is used to describes the voltage and the current across the
transmission line in term of propagation constant and impedance

Complex propagation constant, γ

   R'  jL' G'  jC '
   j

α – the real part of γ

- attenuation constant, unit: Np/m

β – the imaginary part of γ

- phase constant, unit: rad/m
 Transmission line equations
The characteristic impedance of the line, Z0 :

R ' j  L '
Z0  
G ' j  C '
Phase velocity of propagating waves:

   2f
u p  f 


where f = frequency (Hz)

λ = wavelength (m)
β = phase constant
 Example 3
An air line is a transmission line for which air is the
dielectric material present between the two
conductors, which renders G’ = 0.
In addition, the conductors are made of a material
with high conductivity so that R’ ≈0.
For an air line with characteristic impedance of 50Ω
and phase constant of 20 rad/m at 700MHz, find the
inductance per meter and the capacitance per meter of
the line.
Solution to Example 3
 The following quantities are given:
Z 0  50,   20 rad/m, f  700 MHz  7 108 Hz
 With R’ = G’ = 0,

• propagation constant,       R' jL' G ' jC ' 

   

 
 jL' jC '    L' C ' 
2


   L' C '
and
R' jL' L'
• Z0  
G ' jC ' C'
Solution to Example 3
2
  L' C ' L'
   Z 0 L' C
 The Z0 L' C'
ratio is given by:
C'

 L' 
     2 Z o 2 ( L' C ' )
2  2   2 Z o 2C 2
 C' 
   Z oC

 20
C'    90.9  pF/m
Z 0 2  7 10  50
8

 We get L’ from Z0
Z 0  L' C '  L'   50   90.9  10 12  227  nH/m 
2
 Lossless transmission line
Transmission line can be designed to minimize ohmic losses by selecting high
conductivities and dielectric material, thus we assume :
 Losslesstransmission line - Very small values of R’ and G’.
 We set R’=0 and G’=0, hence:

 0 (lossless line)
   L ' C ' (lossless line)
Transmission line equations

Complex propagation constant, γ

   R'0  jL' G'
0  jC '
   j

α – the real part of γ

- attenuation constant, unit: Np/m

β – the imaginary part of γ

- phase constant, unit: rad/m
 Lossless transmission line
Transmission line can be designed to minimize ohmic losses by selecting high
conductivities and dielectric material, thus we assume :
 Losslesstransmission line - Very small values of R’ and G’.
 We set R’=0 and G’=0, hence:

 0 (lossless line)
   L ' C ' (lossless line)

R ' j  L '
Z0 
G ' j  C '
since R'  0 and G'  0,
L'
Z0  (lossless line)
C'
 Lossless transmission line
Using the relation properties between μ, σ, ε :
    (rad/m)
1
up  (m/s)

Wavelength, λ
u
p c1 
  0
f f 
r r

Where εr = relative permittivity of the insulating

material between conductors
 Example 4
Fora losses transmission line, λ = 20.7 cm at
1GHz. Find εr of the insulating material.

λ=20.7cm 0.207m ; f=1 GHz

u
p c1  3 x108 1
  0 0.207 
f f 
r r
1GHz r

2
3 x108 1  r  1.449
r   r  2.1
1GHz 0.207
 Example 5
A lossless transmission line of length 80
cm operates at a frequency of 600MHz.
The line parameters are :
C  100 pF/m L  0.25 μH/m

Find the characteristic impedance, the phase

constant and the phase velocity.

The condition apply that the line is

lossless, So: R= 0 & G=0
characteristic L  0.25 μH/m
L
Z0 
impedance : C C  100 pF/m

0.25 x10  6
 Z0   50
100 x10 12

phase constant:   Im      R' jL' G' jC ' 

With R n G = 0
    L' C '

 2 (600 x10 6 ) (0.25 x10  6 )(100 x10 12 )

= 18.85 rad/m
• phase velocity:    2f
u p  f 


 2 (600 x106 )
vp  
 18.85
8
 2 x10 m / s
Voltage Reflection Coefficient
Every transmission line has a resistance associated
with it, and comes about because of its construction.
This is called its characteristic impedance, Z0.

The standard characteristic impedance value is 50Ω.

However when the transmission line is terminated
with an arbitrary load ZL, in which is not equivalent to
its characteristic impedance (ZL ≠ Z0), a reflected wave
will occur.
 Voltage reflection coefficient
Voltagereflection coefficient, Γ – the ratio of the
amplitude of the reflected voltage wave, V0- to the
amplitude of the incident voltage wave, V0+ at the
load.
Hence, V0 Z L  Z 0   Z L / Z 0  1 (dimension less)
  Z L / Z0 1
V0 Z L  Z0

Where   reflection coefficien t

Z L  load impedance
Z 0  characteri stic impedance
 Voltage reflection coefficient
~
The load impedance, ZL VL
ZL  ~
IL
Where;
 
~ ~ V0 V0

V L  V 0  V0
 IL  
Z0 Z0
~
V L = total voltage at the load
V0- = amplitude of reflected voltage wave
V0+ = amplitude of the incident voltage wave
~
I L = total current at the load
Z0 = characteristic impedance of the line
Voltage reflection coefficient
And in case of a RL and RC series, ZL :
ZL = R + jL ; ZL = R -1/ jC
A load is matched to the line if ZL = Z0 because
there will be no reflection by the load (Γ = 0 and
V0−= 0.
When the load is an open circuit, (ZL=∞), Γ = 1
and V0- = V0+.
When the load is a short circuit (ZL=0), Γ = -1
and V0- = V0+.
What is the difference between an
open and closed circuit? stop
 closed allows electricity through, and open doesn't.

 open circuit - Any circuit which is not complete is considered an

open circuit. The open status of the circuit doesn't depend on how it
became unclosed, so circuits which are manually disconnected and
circuits which have blown fuses, faulty wiring or missing
components are all considered open circuits.

 close circuit: A circuit is considered to be closed when electricity

flows from an energy source to the desired endpoint of the circuit.
A complete circuit which is not performing any actual work can still
be a closed circuit. For example, a circuit connected to a dead
battery may not perform any work, but it is still a closed circuit.
Example 6
A 100-Ω transmission line is connected to a
load consisting of a 50-Ω resistor in series with
a 10pF capacitor. Find the reflection coefficient
at the load for a 100-MHz signal.
 Solution to Example 6
The following quantities are given

RL  50, CL  1011 F, Z 0  100, f  100MHz  108 Hz

The load impedance is
Z L  RL  j / CL
1
 50  j 11
  50  j159 
2  10  10
8

Voltage reflection coefficient is

Z L / Z 0  1 0.5  j1.59  1
   0.76  60.7
Z L / Z 0  1 0.5  j1.59  1
 Z / Z  1 0.5  j1.59  1
 L 0   0.76  60.7
Z L / Z 0  1 0.5  j1.59  1

 2 2   1 0.5  
  0.5  1.59    tan   
0.5  j1.59  1     1.59  

0.5  j1.59  1  2 2   1 1.5  
 1.5  1.59    tan   
    1.59  
  1.5772.6   0.76119 .3
 
 2.19  46.7 
   0.76e j119 .3
In order to convert from –ve  0.76e j119 .3 (e j180 )
magnitude for Г by replacing the –ve
sign with e-j180  0.76e j  60.7

   0.76 ; r  60.7
Math’s TIP…
1

2
 Exercise 7
A 150 Ω lossless line is terminated in a load
impedance ZL= (30 –j200) Ω. Calculate the
voltage reflection coefficient at the load.

Zo = 150 Ω Z L  Z0
 
ZL= (30 –j200) Ω Z L  Z0
o
(30  j 200)  150    0.867e  j 72. 95

(30  j 200)  150
 Standing Waves
Interference of the reflected wave and the incident
wave along a transmission line creates a standing
wave.
Constructive interference gives maximum value for
standing wave pattern, while destructive
interference gives minimum value.
The repetition period is λ for incident and reflected
wave individually.
But, the repetition period for standing wave pattern is
λ/2.
 Standing Waves
For a matched line, ZL = Z0, Γ = 0 and
~
V  z = |V0+| for all values of z.
Standing Waves
For a short-circuited load, (ZL=0), Γ = -1.
 Standing Waves
For an open-circuited load, (ZL=∞), Γ = 1.

The wave is shifted by λ/4 from short-circuit case.

 Standing Waves
First voltage maximum occurs at:
 r  n Where θr = phase
l max   where n  0
4 2 angle of Γ in rad

If θr ≥ 0  n=0;
If θr ≤ 0  n=1

First voltage minimum occurs at:

lmax   / 4 if lmax   / 4
lmin  
lmax   / 4 if lmax   / 4
VSWR

 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

(VSWR) is ratio between the
The VSWR is given by:
maximum voltage an the
minimum voltage along the
transmission line. 1 |  |
VSWR 
1 |  |

 VSWR provides a measure of Z Z

Where,   L
mismatch between the load and ZL  Z 0
Where   reflection coefficient
the transmission line. Z L  load impedance
Z 0  characteristic impedance
 For a matched load with Γ = 0,
VSWR = 1 and for a line with |Γ|
- 1, VSWR = ∞.
Example 8
A 50- transmission line is terminated in a load
with ZL = (100 + j50)Ω . Find the voltage
reflection coefficient and the voltage standing-
wave ratio (VSWR).
Solution to Example 8
We have,

Z  Z 0 100  j 50  50
 L   0.45e j 26.6
Z L  Z 0 100  j 50  50

VSWR is given by:

1 1  0.45
VSWR    2.6
1   1  0.45
 Exercise 9
A 140 Ω lossless line is terminated in a load
impedance ZL= (280 +j182) Ω, if λ = 72cm,
find
a) Reflection coefficient, Г
b) The VSWR,
c) The locations of voltage maxima and minima
a) Reflection coefficient, Г

Z L  Z0
 
Z L  Z0

( 280  j182)  (140) 140  j182

 
( 280  j182)  (140) 420  j182

2 2  1 182 
140  182   tan  
  140  23052.4o
 
  182  45723.43o
4202  1822   tan 1 
  420   0.528.97o
b) The VSWR;

1 |  |
VSWR 
1 |  |

  0.528.97o

1 | 0.528.97 |
VSWR 
1 | 0.528.97 |

1  0.5
VSWR  3
1  0.5
The locations of voltage maxima and minima

 r  n
l max   where n  0
4 2

(0.5)(72) n
lmax  
4 2
n
 2.9cm 
2
 lmax   / 4 if lmax   / 4
lmin  
  72cm
lmax   / 4 if lmax   / 4 72cm / 4  18cm
 lmax   / 4

lmin  lmax   / 4
 72
 (2.9  n ) 
2 4

 20.9  n
2
Input impedance of a lossless line
The input impedance, Zin is the ratio of the total
voltage (incident and reflected voltages) to the total
current at any point z on the line.
~
V (z)
Z in ( z )  ~
I (z)
1   e j 2 z

 Z0 j 2 z 
1   e 
or


Z 
cos
ljZ 
sin
l ZjZ
tan
l  

  
 
L 0 L0
Zl
inZ
0 Z
0 
Z
0 
cos
ljZ
sin
Ll Z
jZ
tan
l
0L 
Special cases of the lossless line
For a line terminated in a short-circuit, ZL = 0:
~
sc Vsc   l 
Z in  ~  jZ 0 tan l
I sc   l 

For a line terminated in an open circuit, ZL = ∞:

Voc   l 
Z inoc ~   jZ 0 cot l
I oc   l 
 Application of short-circuit and open-
circuit measurements
The measurements of short-circuit input impedance,
and open-circuit input impedance,Z insc can be used
to measure the characteristic impedance of the
line: Z inoc

Z o   Z insc Z inoc
and

sc
Z
l oc
tan in
Zin
Length of line
the transmission line has length l  n / 2,
If
where n is an integer,

tan  l  tan  2 /   n / 2  
 tan n   0
Hence, the input impedance becomes:

Z in  Z L for l  n / 2
 Quarter wave transformer
If the transmission line is a quarter wavelength, with
l   / ,4where
 n / 2 n  0 or any positive integer ,
we have , then the input  2    
impedance
 l     
   4  2
becomes:
2
Z0
Z in  for l   / 4  n / 2
ZL
 Example 10
A 50-Ω lossless transmission line is to be matched to a
resistive load impedance with ZL=100Ω via a quarter-
wave section as shown, thereby eliminating reflections
along the feedline. Find the characteristic impedance of
the quarter-wave transformer.
 Quarter wave transformer
If the transmission line is a quarter wavelength, with
4  n / 2n  0 or any positive integer
l  , /where ,
we have, then the input impedance becomes:
 2    
l     
   4  2

2
Z0
Z in  for l   / 4  n / 2
ZL
 Solution to Example 10
Z = 50Ω; ZL=100Ω
in

2
Z 02 2
Z in   Z 02  (50)(100)
ZL
Z 02  50  100  70.7
Since the lines are lossless, all the incident power will
end up getting transferred into the load ZL.
Matched transmission line
For a matched lossless transmission line, ZL=Z0:
1) The input impedance Zin=Z0 for all locations z
on the line,
2) Γ =0, and
3) all the incident power is delivered to the load,
regardless of the length of the line, l.
 Ratio of the total When ZL=0(short circuit)
voltage to total current sc  jZ tan  l
Z in
on the line 0
Special case
stop When ZL=(open circuit)
Input oc   jZ cot  l
Z in 0
Impedance, Zin

 l  0
l
Application 2 Z in  Z L
Be used to measure the But, If the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line is

line :
 l 
sc
 Z in l 2
Z o   Z in
sc Z oc
in tan l 
4
Z in  Z0 2 Z L
oc
Z in
 Power flow on a lossless transmission line
 Two ways to determine the average power of an incident wave
and the reflected wave;
◦ Time-domain approach
◦ Phasor domain approach V0 2

 Average power for incident wave; Pavi  (W)

2Z 0
2
2V
0 2
 Average power for reflected wave: r
P
av
 
 i
P
av
2Z
0

 The net average power delivered to the load:

2
V 0
i  Pr 
Pav  Pav 1   2  (W)
av
2 Z 0  
Power flow on a lossless transmission line

 The time average power reflected by a load connected to a

lossless transmission line is equal to the incident power
multiplied by |Г|2
 Exercise 11
For a 50Ω lossless transmission line terminated in a load
impedance ZL = (100 + j50)Ω, determine the percentage
of the average power reflected over average incident
power by the load.

Z0=50Ω; ZL = (100 + j50)Ω

r i 2
Pav   Pav  (W)
r
Pav 2
  (W)
i
Pav
Reflection coefficient, Г

Z L  Z0
 
Z L  Z0

(100  j 50)  (50) 50  j 50

 
(100  j 50)  (50) 150  j 50

2 2  1 50 
50  50   tan   70.745o
  50  
 158.118.4o
  50 
1502  502   tan 1 
  150   0.4526.6o
2
  0. 2

the percentage of the average incident

power reflected by the load = 20%
Exercise 12
For the line of exercise previously
(exercise 7), what is the average reflected
power if |V0+|=1V
2
r 2V
0 2i
P
av
 
 P
av
2
Z0

2
r 2 1
 Pav   0.45  2 mW
2(50)
Smith Chart
Smith chart is used to analyze & design transmission
line circuits.
Reflection coefficient, Γ :    e j r  r  ji
Гr = real part, Гi = imaginary part

Impedances on Smith chart are represented by

normalized value, zL : ZL
zL 
Z0
the normalized load impedance, zL is dimensionless.
 Smith Chart
Reflection coefficient, ΓA :0.3 + j0.4


   0.3   0.4 
2 2 
1/ 2
 0 .5
r 
  tan  0.4 / 0.3  53
1 

Reflection

   0.5    0.2 
2
coefficient,
2 
1/ 2
 0.54
ΓB :-0.5 - j0.2
r 
  tan  0.5 / 0.2   202
1 
In order to eliminate –ve part, thus
 r  360  202  158
 The complex Γ plane.
ΓA :0.3 + j0.4 ΓB :-0.5 - j0.2
 Smith Chart
Reflection Z L / Z0 1
coefficient, Γ : 
ZL / Z0 1

ZL zL 1
Since zL  , Γ becomes: 
Z0 zL  1

Re-arrange 
1
in terms of zL: z
L rLjx
L

1

rL = Normalized load resistance

xL = Normalized load admittance
The families of circle for rL and xL.
Plotting normalized impedance, zL = 2-j1

(2  j1)  1

(2  j1)  1

12  12

2
3 12

 0.45

 r  tan 1 1 / 2  26.6
 Input impedance
The input impedance, Zin:
1   e  j 2 l
Z in  Z 0 
1   e  j 2 l
Γ is the voltage reflection coefficient at the load.
We shift the phase angle of Γ by 2βl, to get ΓL. This
will zL to zin. The |Γ| is the same, but the phase is
changed by 2βl.
On the Smith chart, this means rotating in a
clockwise direction (WTG).
 Input impedance
Since β = 2π/λ, shifting by 2 βl is equal to phase
change of 2π.
Equating:
2
2l  2 l  2

Hence, for one complete rotation corresponds to l
= λ/2.
The objective of shifting Γ to ΓL is to find Zin at an
any distance l on the transmission line.
 Example 13
A 50-Ω transmission line is terminated with
ZL=(100-j50)Ω. Find Zin at a distance l =0.1λ
from the load.

Solution: Normalized the load impedance

Z L 100  j 50
zL  
Z0 50
 zL  2  j
Solution to Example 13

A 2 j
l =0.1λ
zin = 0.6 –j0.66
de normalize
(multiplying by Zo)
Zin = 30 –j33
VSWR, Voltage Maxima and Voltage
Minima

zL=2+j1
VSWR = 2.6
(at Pmax).

lmax=(0.25-0.213)λ
=0.037λ.

lmin=(0.037+0.25)λ
=0.287λ
VSWR, Voltage Maxima and Voltage
Minima
Point A is the normalized load impedance with
zL=2+j1.
VSWR = 2.6 (at Pmax).
The distance between the load and the first
voltage maximum is lmax=(0.25-0.213)λ=0.037λ.
The distance between the load and the first
voltage minimum is lmin=(0.037+0.25)λ =0.287λ.
Impedance to admittance
transformations

zL=0.6 + j1.4

yL=0.25 - j0.6
 Example 14
 Given that the voltage standing-wave ratio, VSWR = 3.
On a 50-Ω line, the first voltage minimum occurs at 5
cm from the load, and that the distance between
successive minima is 20 cm, find the load impedance.

Solution:
The distance between successive minima is equal to
λ/2.
the distance between successive minima is 20 cm,
Hence, λ = 40 cm 20   / 2
   2(20)
Solution to Example 14
Point A =VSWR = 3
5
l min   0.125
40

z L  0 .6  j 0 . 8

de normalize
(multiplying by Zo)
Zin = 30 –j40
 Solution to Example 14
First voltage minimum (in wavelength unit) is at
5
l min   0.125 on the WTL scale from point B.
40

Intersect
the line with constant SWR circle = 3.
The normalized load impedance at point C is:
z L  0 . 6  j 0 .8
De-normalize (multiplying by Z0) to get ZL:

Z L  50 0.6  j 0.8   30  j 40  

 Exercise
A lossless transmission line of length 0.301
and with charactristic impedance of Zo=100
ohm is terminated in a load Zl= 60+j40 ohm
us the smith cart to find the following
reflection coefficient
Voltage standing wave ration
Input impedance
Distance from the load to the first voltage
maximum
 Solution: Normalized the load impedance
ZL
zL   0.6  j 0.4
Z0

a) reflection coefficient from smith Chart  r  121



(0.6  j 0.4)  1

(0.6  j 0.4)  1
j j121

 0.4 2  0.4 2 e  0.34e
1.6 2  0.4 2
 0.34
  r  121 • 0.25 - 0.082
  0.082  0.168

z L  0.6  j 0.4

lmin lmax
length:
0.301
Z in
• 0.72- j0.62

• 0.301 0.082
 0.383
3) Move a distance 0.301λ towards the generator (WTG) (refer
to Smith chart) 
 → 0.301λ + 0.082λ=0.383λ

 At 0.383λ, read the value of which at the point intersects

with constant circle, we have = zin = 0.72- j0.62.

 Denormalized it, hence = Zin = 72- j62

4) Distance from load to the first voltage maximum, (refer to

Smith chart)
→ 0.25λ-0.082λ=0.168λ
Impedance Matching
Transmission line is matched to the load when
Z 0 = Z L.
This is usually not possible since ZL is used to
serve other application.
Alternatively, we can place an impedance-
matching network between load and
transmission line.
Single- stub matching
Matching network consists of two sections of
transmission lines.
First section of length d, while the second
section of length l in parallel with the first
section, hence it is called stub.
The second section is terminated with either
short-circuit or open circuit.
 Single- stub matching

YL=1/ZL
stub

l
feed line

Yd = Y0+jB
Single- stub matching
The length l of the stub is chosen so that its
input admittance, YS at MM’ is equal to –jB.
Hence, the parallel sum of the two admittances
at MM’ yields Y0, which is the characteristic
admittance of the line.

Yd = Y0+jB
 Single- stub matching
 Thus, the main idea of shunt stub matching network is to:

 (i) Find length d and l in order to get yd and yl .

 (ii) Ensure total admittance yin = yd + ys = 1 for complete

matching network.
 Example 15
50-Ω transmission line is connected to an
antenna with load impedance ZL = (25 − j50)Ω.
Find the position and length of the short-
circuited stub required to match the line.

Solution:
The normalized load impedance is:
Z L 25  j 50
zL    0.5  j (located at A).
Z0 50
Solution to Example 15
B  yL
 0.4  j0.8
y L  load admittance

A  0.5  j
 Solution to Example 15
Value of yL at B is yL  0.4  j 0.8 which locates at
position 0.115λ on the WTG scale.

Draw constant SWR circle that goes through points A

and B.

There are two possible matching points, C and D

where the constant SWR circle intersects with circle
rL=1 (now gL =1 circle).
B  0.115 

B
C = 1+j1.58

D = 1+j1.58
A
 Solution to Example 15
First matching points, C.
At C, yd  1  j1.58 is at 0.178λ on WTG scale.
Distance B and C is d   0.178  0.155   0.063
Normalized input admittance yin  ys  y d
at the juncture is: 1  j 0  ys  1  j1.58
ys   j1.58
E is the admittance of short-circuit stub, yL=-j∞.
Normalized admittance of −j 1.58 at F and position
0.34λ on the WTG scale gives:
l1   0.34  0.25   0.09
 B  0.115 
d1 = 0.063λ
d   0.178  0.115    0.063

B
C = 1+j1.58

Open E Short
circuited circuited
stub stub

l1 = 0.090λ
A
l   0.34  0.25   0.09
F = -j1.58 yin  ys  y d
F
1  j 0  ys  1  j1.58
ys   j1.58
First matching points, C
 Thus, the values are:
 d1 = 0.063 λ

 l1 = 0.09 λ

 yd1 = 1 + j1.58 Ω

 ys1 = -j1.58 Ω

 Where Yin = yd + ys = (1 + j1.58) + (-j1.58) = 1

 Solution to Example 15
Second matching point, D.
At point D,
yd  1  j1.58
Distance B and D is
d 2   0.322  0.115    0.207
Normalized input admittance at G.
ys   j1.58
Rotating from point E to point G, we get

l2   0.25  0.16    0.41

 d   0.322  0.115  
l   0.25  0.16  
 0.207 
 0.41

B
G G = +j1.58

d2 = 0.207λ
E
l2
= 0.41λ

D = 1-j1.58
A
First matching points, D
 Thus, the values are:
 d2 = 0.207 λ

 l2 = 0.41 λ

 yd2 = 1 - j1.58 Ω

 ys2 = +j1.58 Ω

 Where Yin = yd + ys = (1 - j1.58) + (+j1.58) = 1

 d1=0.063 λ
d2=0.207 λ

l1=0.09λ,
l2=0.41 λ