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Chapter 5. Analog Transmission

This document discusses various methods of analog transmission including: - Digital-to-analog conversion which converts digital data into an analog signal. - Analog modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK which encode digital information onto an analog carrier signal. - Quadrature amplitude modulation which combines ASK and PSK. - Analog-to-analog conversion which represents analog information with an analog signal using techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation.

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63 views24 pages

Chapter 5. Analog Transmission

This document discusses various methods of analog transmission including: - Digital-to-analog conversion which converts digital data into an analog signal. - Analog modulation techniques like ASK, FSK, PSK which encode digital information onto an analog carrier signal. - Quadrature amplitude modulation which combines ASK and PSK. - Analog-to-analog conversion which represents analog information with an analog signal using techniques like amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation.

Uploaded by

noril Nitun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 5.

Analog Transmission

1. Digital-to-Analog Conversion
2. Analog-to-Analog Conversion
3-2

Digital-to-Analog Conversion
• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing
one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the
information in digital data
3-3

Types of Digital-to-Analog
Modulation
3-4

Aspects of D/A Conversion


Data element versus signal element
Data rate (bit rate) versus signal rate (baud rate)
S = N x 1/r baud
S (signal rate), N (data rate),
r (number of data element in one signal element)
Bit rate: bits per second (in bps)
Baud rate: signal elements per second (in baud)
Bit rate  baud rate
Carrier signal (carrier frequency)
High-frequency signal used to modulate the information
Modulated signal: information modulated by the carrier signal
3-5

Examples 5.2
An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud
rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are carried
by each signal element? How many signal elements do
we need?

Solution
S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are unknown. We find
first the value of r and then the value of L.
3-6

ASK : Binary ASK


• BASK or OOK (on-off keying)
• Bandwidth for ASK: B = (1 + d) x S
3-7

Implementation of Binary ASK


3-8

Full-duplex ASK: Example


In data communications, we normally use full-duplex links
with communication in both directions. We need to divide
the bandwidth into two with two carrier frequencies. In
this example, the available bandwidth for each direction is
now 50 kHz, which leaves us with a data rate of 25 kbps in
each direction.
3-9

FSK: Binary FSK


• Bandwidth for ASK: B = (1 + d) x S + 2Δf
2
3-10

BFSK: Example
• We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz which spans
from 200 to 300 kHz. What should be the carrier frequency
and the bit rate if we modulated our data by using FSK
with d = 1?

The midpoint of the band is at 250 kHz. We choose 2Δf to


be 50 kHz; this means
3-11

Implementation of Binary FSK


3-12

Multilevel FSK
• The frequencies need to be 2Δf apart. Min. value 2Δf needs to be S.
• B = (1 + d) x S + (L – 1) 2Δf  B = L x S with d = 0
• Example: We need to send data 3 bits at a time at a bit rate of 3 Mbps.
The carrier frequency is 10 MHz. Calculate the number of levels
(different frequencies), the baud rate, and the bandwidth

L = 23 = 8. The baud rate is S = 3 MHz/3 = 1000 Mbaud. This means


that the carrier frequencies must be 1 MHz apart (2Δf = 1 MHz). The
bandwidth is B = 8 × 1000 = 8000.
3-13

PSK: Binary PSK


• Bandwidth : the same as BASK, B = (1 + d) x S
• Less than that for BFSK
3-14

Implementation of Binary PSK


3-15

Quadrature PSK
3-16

Constellation Diagram
• Define the amplitude and phase of a signal element
3-17

Constellation Diagram: Examples


3-18

QAM
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Combination of ASK and PSK
Bandwidth : the same as that required for ASK and PSK
3-19

Analog-to-Analog Modulation
• Analog-to-analog conversion is the representation of analog
information by an analog signal
• Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a
bandpass channel is available to us
3-20

Amplitude Modulation
• The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BAM = 2B.
3-21

AM Band Allocation
• Bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music) is
usually 5 kHz
3-22

Frequency Modulation
• The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BFM = 2(1 + β)B.
3-23

FM Band Allocation
• Bandwidth of an audio signal (speech and music)
broadcast in stereo is almost 15 kH
• FCC allows 200 kHz for each station (β =4 with some
extra guard band)
• Separated by at least 200 kHz
3-24

Phase Modulation
• The total bandwidth required for PM can be determined
from the bandwidth and maximum amplitude of the
modulating signal: BPM = 2(1 + β)B.

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