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Introduction To Ic Technology

The document provides an introduction to integrated circuit (IC) technology. It discusses how ICs have revolutionized electronics by making them smaller, cheaper, and more reliable than discrete components. The key advantages of ICs are lower cost due to photolithography manufacturing and higher performance due to components being smaller and closer together. The document then discusses the basic components of MOS transistors and how they function as the building blocks of ICs.

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Bharathi Muni
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361 views25 pages

Introduction To Ic Technology

The document provides an introduction to integrated circuit (IC) technology. It discusses how ICs have revolutionized electronics by making them smaller, cheaper, and more reliable than discrete components. The key advantages of ICs are lower cost due to photolithography manufacturing and higher performance due to components being smaller and closer together. The document then discusses the basic components of MOS transistors and how they function as the building blocks of ICs.

Uploaded by

Bharathi Muni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO IC

TECHNOLOGY
IC TECHNOLOGY
• There is no doubt that our daily lives are significantly affected by electronic engineering
technology. This is true on the domestic scene, in our professional disciplines, in the
workplace, and in leisure activities. Indeed, even at school, tomorrow's adults are exposed
to and are coming to terms with quite- sophisticated electronic devices and systems. There
is no doubt that revolutionary changes have taken place in a relatively short time and it is
also certain that even more-dramatic advances will be made in the next decade.

• Electronics as we know it today is characterized by reliability, low power dissipation,


extremely low weight and volume, and low cost, coupled with an ability to cope easily with
a high degree of sophistication and complexity. Electronics, and in particular the integrated
circuit, has made possible the design of powerful and flexible processors which provide
highly intelligent and adaptable devices for the user.

• Over the past several years, Silicon CMOS technology has become the dominant fabrication
process for relatively high performance and cost effective VLSI circuits.
• An integrated circuit (IC) is a small semiconductor-based electronic device
consisting of fabricated transistors, resistors and capacitors. Integrated
circuits are the building blocks of most electronic devices and equipment. An
integrated circuit is also known as a chip or microchip.

• There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and
performance.
• Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit
by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time.
Furthermore, much less material is used to construct a packaged IC die than
a discrete circuit.
• Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little
power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components
are small and positioned close together.
The IC Market The semiconductor industry is approaching $300B/yr in sales
• Up until the 1950s electronic active device technology was dominated
by the vacuum tube and, although a measure of miniaturization and
circuit integration did take place, the technology did not lend itself to
miniaturization as we have come to accept it today. Thus the vast
majority of present-day electronics is the result of the invention of the
transistor in 1947.
• The invention of the transistor by William B. Shockley, Walter H.
Brattain and John Bardeen of Bell Telephone Laboratories was
followed by the development of the Integrated Circuit (IC).
IC TECHNOLOGY
MOS Transistor
BASIC MOS TRANSISTORS
Working of a MOSFET
• MOSFET consists of a MOS capacitor with two p-n junctions placed
closed to the channel region and this region is controlled by gate
voltage. To make both the p-n junction reverse biased, substrate
potential is kept lower than the other three terminals potential.
• If the gate voltage will be increased beyond the threshold voltage
(VGS>VTO), inversion layer will be established on the surface and n –
type channel will be formed between the source and drain. This n –
type channel will carry the drain current according to the VDS value.
ENHANCEMENT AND DEPLETION
MODE MOS TRANSISTORS
• The Enhancement and Depletion mode MOS transistors are further classified as N-type named
NMOS (or N-channel MOS) and P-type named PMOS (or P-channel MOS) devices. Figure 1.5
shows the MOSFETs along with their enhancement and depletion modes
Regions of Operations of MOS
• Cut off mode
• linear mode
• Saturation mode
Working of Enhancement Mode Transistor

• Case 1: Vgs = 0V and Vgs < Vt - cut-off region

• Case 2: Vgs > Vt

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