ANTENNA

ECE42

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
ANTENNA
• metallic conductor capable of
radiating and capturing
electromagnetic energy
• couples energy received from
the transmission line to the
atmosphere or vice versa
• match the impedance of the
transmission line and the load

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA
• They are used to convey signals
(information) in systems
including broadcast radio,
television, mobile telephones,
Wi-Fi data networks, satellite
links, wireless remote sensors,
and more.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
ANTENNA
converts electrical converts
energy into electromagnetic waves
electromagnetic wave
HOW??? in space into electrical
energy

Transmitter Receiver

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 consider an open-ended transmission line

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA SYSTEM PARTS
• Coupling Device - The coupling
device (coupling coil) connects the
transmitter to the feeder.

• Feeder - The feeder is a transmission

line that carries energy to the
antenna.

• Antenna - The device that radiates

the energy into space

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA RECIPROCITY
“If an emf is applied at the terminal of an antenna 1 and the
current is measured at the terminals of antenna 2, then an
equal current both in amplitude and phase will be obtained
at the terminals of antenna 1 when the same emf is applied
at the terminals of antenna 2.”

“If a current I1 at the terminal of antenna 1 induces an emf

V21 at the open terminal of antenna 2 and a current I 2 at the
terminals of antenna 2 induces an emf V12 at the open
terminals of antenna 1, then V12 = V21 provided I1 = I2.”
ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA RECIPROCITY
Applications:
1. An antenna has identical impedance when used to
transmit or receive.
2. An antenna has identical directional characteristics or
radiation patterns when used to transmit or receive.
3. An antenna has the same effective length when used as
transmitter or receiver.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA RECIPROCITY
Transmitter:
• must be capable of handling high powers
• must be constructed with materials that can withstand
high voltages and currents

Receiver:
• can be constructed from small-diameter wire

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA
• Antennas can be categorized as
omnidirectional or directional.

• Omnidirectional antennas receive

or radiate more or less in all
directions.

• Directional or beam antennas are

intended to preferentially radiate Omnidirectional Directional

or receive in a particular direction.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 RADIATION PATTERN
• Diagram or graph representing field strengths or power densities at various
angular positions relative to an antenna.

Absolute Radiation Pattern

• radiation pattern is plotted in terms of electric field strength (E) or power
density (P ); (variable distance, fixed power)

Relative Radiation Pattern

• electric field strength or power density is plotted with respect to the value at a
reference point; (variable power, fixed distance)

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 RADIATION PATTERN

2D
ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 RADIATION PATTERN

3D

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 NEAR AND FAR FIELDS
The fields surrounding an antenna are divided into 3 principle
regions:

1. Reactive Near Field

2. Radiating Near Field (Fresnel Region)
3. Radiating Far Field (Fraunhofer Region)

Reactive Near Field Fresnel Region Fraunhofer Region

D3 D3 2D 2 2D 2
d  0.62 0.62 d  d
   

D is the antenna diameter.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 NEAR AND FAR FIELDS
1. Reactive Near Field
The field pattern that is closest to the antenna. Here, energy of a certain
amount is held back and is stored very near the antenna surface. This
energy is carried back and forth from the antenna similar to the way an
inductor stores and releases energy.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 NEAR AND FAR FIELDS
2. Radiating Near Field (Fresnel Region)
The radiating near field or Fresnel region is the region between the
near and far fields. In this region, the reactive fields do not dominate; the
radiating fields begin to emerge.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 NEAR AND FAR FIELDS
3. Radiating Far Field (Fraunhofer Region)
This region is dominated by radiated fields, with the E- and H-fields
orthogonal to each other and the direction of propagation as with plane
waves. The far field region is the most important, as this determines the
antenna's radiation pattern.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA POLARIZATION
Refers to the orientation in space of E field portion of the
electromagnetic wave being radiated.

Antennas transmit and receive in exactly the same manner, a

horizontally polarized antenna cannot communicate with a vertically
polarized antenna.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA POLARIZATION
Categories:
1. Linear Polarization
a. Horizontal
b. Vertical
c. Slant
2. Circular
a. Right-hand Circular
b. Lef-hand Circular

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA POLARIZATION
Low-frequency antennas are usually vertically
polarized because of ground effect.

High-frequency antennas are generally horizontally

polarized.

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 RADIATION RESISTANCE
Ratio of the power radiated by the antenna to the square of the AC
current at its feedpoint.

Prad
Rr  2
i

Rr = radiation resistance (ohms)

Prad = power radiated by the antenna (watts)
i = current at the antenna feedpoint (ampere)

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE
Or the Loss Resistance, is the resistance due to the materials of which
it is made (ground resistance, corona, imperfect dielectrics, eddy
currents, etc).

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 Radiation Resistance
Effective Resistance

Effective Resistance
Radiation Resistance

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
Efficiency - ratio of the power delivered to the antenna relative to the
power radiated from the antenna.

Prad
 100%
Pin
ƞ = antenna efficiency
or Prad = radiated power (watts)
Prad Pin = input power (watts)
  100%
Prad  Pd Pin = Prad + Pd
Pd = power dissipated by the antenna (watts)
or
Rr = radiation resistance (ohms)
Rr Re = effective resistance (ohms)
  100%
Rr  Re

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz
 ANTENNA EFFICIENCY
What causes an antenna to not have an efficiency of 100% (or 0
dB)? Antenna efficiency losses are typically due to:

• conduction losses (due to finite conductivity of the metal that forms the antenna)

• dielectric losses (due to conductivity of a dielectric material near an antenna)

• impedance mismatch loss

ECE42 Transmission Media & Antenna Systems USTP-CDO ECE Department Engr. Villaruz