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Computer System

Computers have progressed through five generations based on hardware and software technologies. The first generation used vacuum tubes, punched cards, and magnetic drums. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic core memory, and magnetic tape. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, timesharing operating systems, and standard programming languages. The fourth generation was defined by microprocessors, personal computers, graphical user interfaces, relational databases, and local area networks. The fifth generation is focused on artificial intelligence, parallel processing, optical storage, and neural networks.

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77 views16 pages

Computer System

Computers have progressed through five generations based on hardware and software technologies. The first generation used vacuum tubes, punched cards, and magnetic drums. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic core memory, and magnetic tape. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, timesharing operating systems, and standard programming languages. The fourth generation was defined by microprocessors, personal computers, graphical user interfaces, relational databases, and local area networks. The fifth generation is focused on artificial intelligence, parallel processing, optical storage, and neural networks.

Uploaded by

grace bulawit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer System

Computers
• It is an advanced electronic device
that takes raw data as input from
the user and processes these data
under the control of set of
instructions (called program) and
gives the result (output) and saves
output for the future use. It can
process both numerical and non-
numerical (arithmetic and logical)
calculations.
HISTORY

Computer Generation
- refers to the change in technology that is used for a
computer during a time period. Initially, the generation term
was used to distinguish between varying hardware
technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both
hardware and software, which together make up an entire
computer system.
Generation Hardware Software Key characteristics Example of
(Period) Technologies Technologies Computer
First  Machine  Bulky in size  ENIAC
(1940-1956) language uses  Highly unreliable  EDVAC
0s and 1s  Limited commercial  EDSAC
 Stored program use and costly  UNIVAC 1
Vacuum tubes
concept  Difficult commercial  IBM 701
 Mostly scientific production
applications  Difficult to use
 Processing speed:
Electromagnetic
milliseconds
relay memory
 Punched cards
secondary
storage
Generation Hardware Software Key characteristics Example of
(Period) Technologies Technologies Computer
Second  Assembly  Faster, smaller, more  Honeywell
(1956-1963) Language reliable and easier to 400
 Batch operating program than  IBM 7030
system previous generation  IBM 1401
Transistors  High-level systems  CDC 1604
 Programming  Commercial  UNIVAC
languages production was still LARC

 Scientific and difficult and costly


Magnetic cores commercial  Processing speed:
memory application microseconds

 Magnetic tapes
 Disks for
secondary
storage
Generation Hardware Software Key characteristics Example of
(Period) Technologies Technologies Computer
Third  Timesharing  Faster, smaller, more  IBM
(1964-1971) operating reliable, easier and 360/370
system cheaper to produce  PDP-8
 Standardization  Commercially, easier  PDP-11
of high-level to use, and easier to  CDC 6600
Integrated Circuits programming upgrade than previous
(chips)  Unbundling of generation systems
 ICs with SSI and software from  Scientific, commercial
MSI technologies hardware and interactive on-line
 Larger magnetic applications
cores memory  Processing speed:
 Larger capacity nanoseconds
disks and
magnetic tapes
secondary
storage
 Keyboard and
monitor
 Minicomputers;
upward
compatible
family of
computers
Generation Hardware Software Key characteristics Example of
(Period) Technologies Technologies Computer

Fourth  Operating  Small, affordable,  IBM PC and


(1971-prese systems for PCs reliable, and easy to its clones
nt) with GUI and use PCs  Apple II
multiple  More powerful and  TRS-80
windows on a reliable mainframe  VAX 9000
Microprocessors or single terminal systems and  CRAY-1
Large Scale IC screen supercomputers  CRAY-2
 Microprocessors;  Multiprocessing  Totally general  CRAY-X/MP
semiconductor OS with purpose machines
memory concurrent  Easier to produce
 Larger capacity programming commercially
hard disks as languages  Easier to upgrade
in-built  UNIX operating  Rapid software
secondary system with C development possible
storage programming  Processing speed:
 Magnetic tapes language picoseconds
and floppy disks  Object-oriented
as portable design and
storage media programming
 Pointing devices  PC,
like mouse and Network-based,
handled devices and
 Personal supercomputing
computers applications
 Supercomputers
based on parallel
vector processing
and symmetric
multiprocessing
technologies
 Spread of
high-speed
computer
networks
Generation Hardware Software Key characteristics Example of
(Period) Technologies Technologies Computer
Fifth  ULSI technology
(present-  Development of true
beyond) artificial intelligence
 Development of
Natural language
processing
 Advancement in
Artificial Parallel processing
Intelligent  Advancement in
Superconductor
 Super Large Scale technology
Integrated (SLSI)  More user friendly
chips that are interfaces with
able to store multimedia features
millions of  Availability of very
components on a powerful and
single chip Larger
compact computers
capacity main at cheaper rates
memory, hard
disks with RAID
support
 Optical disks as
portable
read-only storage
media
 Very large
memory
 Notebooks,
powerful desktop
PCs and
workstations
 Powerful severs,
supercomputers
 Internet
 Cluster
computing
CLASSESS OF COMPUTER

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