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7 Shear Strength and Bearing Capacity in Soil

The document discusses concepts related to soil shear strength and bearing capacity, including: - Shear strength is the maximum resistance of soil to shearing forces and is dependent on effective friction angle, cohesion, and dilation. - Direct shear tests and triaxial tests are used to measure shear strength parameters. - Mohr's circle diagrams can be used to analyze shear strength test results. - Bearing capacity is the maximum contact pressure soil can support without shear failure and depends on soil properties, footing geometry, and groundwater level. - Terzaghi developed equations to calculate ultimate bearing capacity based on soil parameters and geometry.

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586 views21 pages

7 Shear Strength and Bearing Capacity in Soil

The document discusses concepts related to soil shear strength and bearing capacity, including: - Shear strength is the maximum resistance of soil to shearing forces and is dependent on effective friction angle, cohesion, and dilation. - Direct shear tests and triaxial tests are used to measure shear strength parameters. - Mohr's circle diagrams can be used to analyze shear strength test results. - Bearing capacity is the maximum contact pressure soil can support without shear failure and depends on soil properties, footing geometry, and groundwater level. - Terzaghi developed equations to calculate ultimate bearing capacity based on soil parameters and geometry.

Uploaded by

Jenina Logmao
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Shear Strength and Bearing

Capacity of Soil
Shear Strength of Soil
•• Shear
  strength, - maximum internal resistance to applied
shearing forces
• Effective friction angle, ’ – measure of shear strength of soils
due to friction
• Cohesion, - measure of the forces that cement the particles
of soil
• Undrained shear strength, - shear strength of soil when
sheared at constant volume
• Critical state – continuous shearing occurs at constant shear
stress to normal effective stress ratio and constant volume
• Dilation – measure of change in volume of a soil when it is
distorted by shearing.
Shear Failure in Soil
• The safety of any geotechnical structure is
dependent on the strength of the soil. If the
soil fails, a structure founded on it can
collapse.
Direct Shear Test
• This method of test determines the shearing resistance
of a soil sample when subjected to a continuous shearing
displacement. The sample can be subjected to various
normal loads, and the normal displacements can be
measured
Direct Shear Test
•• shear
  strength of any surface, at failure, is approximated
by the following Mohr-Coulomb's linear relationship

= shear strength
= cohesion
=  effective normal
stress acting on the
failure surface
= angle of internal
friction
Example
1. The following are the results of direct shear tests
performed in two identical samples of soil. In test
one, the sample shears at a stress of 71 kPa when the
compressive normal stress is 95 kPa. In test two, the
sample shears at stress of 104 kPa when the normal
stress is 150 kPa.
a) Determine he cohesion of soil.
b) Determine the angle of internal friction.
c) Determine the shear stress at a depth of 4 m if the
unit weight of soil is 15.6 kN/m3.
Tri-axial Test
• In a triaxial shear test,
stress is applied to a
sample of the material
being tested in a way
which results in stresses
along one axis being
different from the
stresses in perpendicular
directions.
Tri-axial Test
Tri-axial Test
•  
Major principal stress (Axial total stress):
• Deviator stress:
• Axial strain:
• Radial strain:
• Volumetric Strain:
• Deviator strain:
• Angle of failure plane:
Mohr’s Circle
• For Direct Shear Test:

• For Tri-axial Test:


Mohr’s Circle
• For cohesionless soils:
Example
1. A consolidated drained tri-axial test was
conducted on a normally consolidated clay. The
results were as follows:
Chamber confining pressure = 300 kPa
Deviator stress = 400 kPa
a) Compute the angle of friction of the clay sample.
b) Compute the shear stress on the failure plane.
c) Compute the effective normal stress on the plane
of maximum shear.
Example
2. A consolidated drained tri-axial test was
conducted on a cohesionless soil that has a
friction angle of 30° and deviator stress at
failure of 400 kPa.
a) Find the angle that the failure plane makes with
the major principal plane.
b) Find the confining pressure.
c) Find the shear stress at the point of failure
plane.
Example
3. The results of two-drained tri-axial tests on a saturated clay are
recorded as follows:
Specimen A:
Chamber-confining pressure = 104 kPa
Deviator stress at failure = 201 kPa
Specimen B:
Chamber-confining pressure = 170 kPa
Deviator stress at failure = 324 kPa
a) Compute the angle of friction.
b) Compute the cohesion of soil.
c) If the clay specimen above is tested in a tri-axial apparatus with a
chamber-confining pressure of 248 kPa, compute the major principal
stress at failure.
Example
4. A specimen of saturated sand was consolidated under an all
around confining pressure of 414 kPa. The axial stress was then
increased and drainage of pore water was prevented. The soil
specimen failed and the deviator stress reached 346 kPa. The
porewater pressure at failure was measured from a pore water
supply line connected at the base of the soil specimen and was
found to be 286 kPa.
a) Compute the consolidated undrained angle of shearing resistance
b) Compute the drained friction angle
c) What would be the deviator stress at failure if a drained test was
conducted with the same chamber all around pressure of 414
kPa?
Example
5. A consolidated undrained test on a normally
consolidated clay yielded the following results:
Chamber confining pressure = 140 kPa
Deviator stress = 125 kPa
Pore pressure = 75kPa
a) Compute the consolidated undrained friction
angle.
b) Compute the consolidated drained friction angle.
Bearing Capacity
• Bearing capacity - maximum average
contact pressure between the foundation and
the soil which should not produce shear failure
in the soil.
• Ultimate bearing capacity - theoretical
maximum pressure which can be supported
without failure
• Allowable bearing capacity - is the ultimate
bearing capacity divided by a factor of safety
Bearing Capacity
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
• General Shear Failure Ultimate Bearing Capacities:
•  
• Strip Footing:

• Square Footing:

• Circular Footing:

• Rectangular Footing:

• c = cohesion
• N = bearing capacity factor
• q1 = vertical effective pressure from ground surface to bottom of footing
• q2 = vertical effective pressure from bottom of footing to B distance below
• B = least dimension
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity
•  Bearing Capacity Factors:

• Local Shear Failure Ultimate Bearing


Capacities: (For Loose Sand and Soft Clay)
Example
•  A square footing has a dimension of 1.2 m and has its
1.
bottom 1 m below the ground surface. The soil has the
following properties: , , , . Use Terzaghi’s bearing capacity
constants: , , and .
a) If the groundwater table is located at a depth of 1.2 m
below the ground surface, compute the allowable load that
the footing could carry if it has a factors of safety of 3.
b) Find the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil if the ground
water table is at the bottom of the footing
c) Find the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil if the ground
water table is 0.5 m above the bottom of the footing.

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