GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

CLASSIFICATION OF
CELLULAR ORGANISMS
 Learning Objectives
• To understand how plant and animal
cells are classified and organized
according to structure
• To identify and distinguish between
what constitutes prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell characteristics
 Two Major Premises for
Cellular Classification
• The absence or presence of a nucleus
• The absence or presence of membrane
enclosed organelles
Two Types of Cellular
Organisms
1. Prokaryote

2. Eukaryote
1. Prokaryote
 Absence of a nucleus
 Absence of membrane enclosed organelles
 Unicellular organisms
2. Eukaryote
 Presence of a nucleus that contains the cell’s
genetic materials
 Presence of membrane enclosed organelles
with specific functions
 Mostly multicellular except for unicellular
euglena, paramecium and amoeba
 Commonalities Between
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• Both have cytoplasm
• Both have cell wall
• Both have plasma membrane
 Prokaryotic Kingdom
1. Archaebacteria
A large class of about 250
bacteria species with no
specific structure but are
classified into three types
based on the substance
they create and the
Image Credit: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/jv/1/18/Archaebacteria.jpg
environment they live in
 a. Methanogens
Produce methane and
mostly thrive in sewage
facilities, bogs, and inside
the intestines of ruminant
animals like cows, goats,
Image credit:
and sheep
https://seunghun.wikispaces.com/file/view/dmethanopyrus.jpg/179878689/dmethanopyrus.jpg
 b. Halophiles
Want salty environments
and thrive in salt lakes
and pools of sea water

Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea#/media/File:Halobacteria.jpg

 c. Thermophiles
Attracted to heat and
thrive in hot places such
as geothermal vents and
hot springs

Image Credit: Colorful Archaea at Midway Geyser by Wing-Chi Poon. Retrieved from
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea#/media/File:Colourful_Thermophilic_Archae
bacteria_Stain_in_Midway_Geyser_Basin.jpg
2. Eubacteria (or the “true
bacteria”)
Constitute the most number
of species and possess rigid
cell walls with peptidoglycan
that can either be motile or
non-motile
Disease-causing bacteria
belong to this type.
 Activity 1
Form into groups of three members. Working
with your respective groups, try to recall (or
you may research) which human diseases are
caused by bacteria. Identify 10 such illnesses.
On a coupon bond, copy the table on the next
slide and fill out the columns accordingly.
 TYPE OF DISEASE BACTERIAL CAUSE EFFECT ON HUMAN
BODY
1. Boils (skin folliculitis) Staphylococcus aureus Itchy pus-filled bumps

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
 Eukaryotic Kingdom
1. Euglena
A big family of about
800 species that is very
intriguing as they
exhibit both animal-
and plant-like traits ‒
flagella tails for
movement and the
presence of green
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena#/media/File:Euglena_sp.jpg

chloroplasts for
photosynthesis
 2. Paramecium
A genus of the Protozoa
class known for its ciliated
structure that has become
the favorite model
organism of scientists for
their researches
It can also be found mostly in
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium#/media/File:Paramecium.jpg
freshwater, brackish, and
marine environments.
 3. Diatoms (“gems of the
sea”)
Have transparent cell
walls made of silicon
dioxide hydrated by
water which gives them
their very colorful and
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom#/media/File:Diatom2.jpg beautiful patterns
 4. Fungi
A very big family that
consists of yeasts, molds
and mushrooms
Chitin found in their cell
walls including digestive
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus#/media/File:Fungi_collage.jpg
enzyme secretions are
some of their distinct traits.
 5. Plantae
World of plants composed
of grasses, trees, shrubs,
vines, leaves, and
flowering plants

Image credit:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant#/media/File:Diversity_of_plants_ima
ge_version_5.png
 a. Oryza Grass Group
Characterized by their
blade-like pointed leaves
that grow very tall and
serve as primary sources
of carbohydrate foods
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_sativa#/media/File:Oryza_sativa_-_K
%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg
 b. Angiospermae Group
The biggest phylum in the
plant kingdom with around
300,000 species of
flowering trees, fruits,
seeds, and flowers.
Angiospermae came from the
Greek words angeion and
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camellia_japonica#/media/File:Camellia_japonica-IMG_2051.jpg
sperma which, when
combined, stands for
“enclosed seeds.”
c. Gymnospermae Group
Also seed-bearing plants
but instead of flowers
come in the form of
cones.
Most of its 1,000 species
are highly valuable timber
and lumber trees.
6. Animalia
The largest group composed
of millions of species that are
characterized by their
motility, adaptation/survival
mechanisms and predation
 Activity 2
Motility among eukaryotic cells is not confined to
the flagella or tail. Others come in the form of
muscle cells, paws, claws, webbed feet, wings and
fins.

Retain the groupings in Activity 1. Identify the

means of locomotion of 20 eukaryotic organisms.
On a coupon bond, copy the table on the next slide
and fill out the columns accordingly.
 NAME OF ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION ACTION
EUKARYOTIC LOCOMOTION
ORGANISM

1. Frogs Hind leg muscles Jumping, swimming,

climbing
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.