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Group Processes

Group processes can be summarized in 3 points: 1. Groups go through 5 stages of development (forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning) as they work to establish roles, norms, status, cohesiveness and make decisions. 2. Groups are influenced by social factors like roles, norms, status and size that impact behaviors and decision making. Phenomena like groupthink and social loafing can negatively impact performance. 3. Groups use techniques like brainstorming and nominal group process to generate ideas and make decisions, though conformity and inefficient processes can also arise without care taken in the group process.

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Abhinav Madra
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104 views30 pages

Group Processes

Group processes can be summarized in 3 points: 1. Groups go through 5 stages of development (forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning) as they work to establish roles, norms, status, cohesiveness and make decisions. 2. Groups are influenced by social factors like roles, norms, status and size that impact behaviors and decision making. Phenomena like groupthink and social loafing can negatively impact performance. 3. Groups use techniques like brainstorming and nominal group process to generate ideas and make decisions, though conformity and inefficient processes can also arise without care taken in the group process.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Madra
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Group Processes

Objectives
vDefine group and different types
of groups
vFive stages of group
development
vGroup properties
vGroup decision making
vLearn the Problem-Solving
Approach
v
What is a Group?
• collection of people who interact
with one another, accept rights and
obligations as members and who
share a common identity.
•
• “two or more people…” (Vaughan &
Hogg)
• “ at least three and no more than
twelve or fifteen…” (Borchers)
Criteria for a Group
•
•
• social structure
• direct or indirect interaction
• 2 or more persons
• common goals
• interdependence
Types of Groups
• Formal groups:
– Command groups
– Task groups

• Informal groups:
– Friendship groups
– Interest groups
• Reference & Membership Groups
•
• In groups and out groups
•
• Primary and Secondary Groups
Why Join a Group?
• Status: the need to establish
identity with others.
• Control: the need to exercise
leadership and prove one's abilities.
• Affection: the need to develop
relationships with people.
• Power: the power to achieve
through a group.
• Security: people feel stronger and
are more resistant to threats.
Group Development
Tuckman's Theory (1965)

•
• Forming
• Storming
• Norming
• Performing
• Adjourning
Roles of Group
Members
• Initiator: Generates new ideas.
• Information-seeker: Asks for
information about the task.
• Opinion-giver: States his or her
beliefs about a group issue.
• Coordinator: Shows the
relationships between ideas.
• Orientator: Shifts the direction of
the group's discussion.
Group Properties

R o le s N o rm s

S ta tu s C o h e sive n e ss S ize
1. Roles
• The actions and activities assigned to
or required or expected of a person
or group.

• Attributes:
– Identity
– Perception
– Expectations
– Conflict
2. Norms
 Acceptable standards of behavior within
a group that are shared by the group’s
members
•
• Types of Norms:
– Performance
– Appearance
– Social arrangement
– Resource allocation
Group Norms and the
Hawthorne Studies
A series of studies undertaken by Elton Mayo

at Western Electric Company’s Hawthorne


Works in Chicago between 1924 and 1932


Research Conclusions

– Worker behavior and sentiments were closely related.


– Group influences (norms) were significant in affecting
individual behavior.
– Group standards (norms) were highly effective in
establishing individual worker output.
– Money was less a factor in determining worker output than
were group standards, sentiments and security.
Defying Norms: Deviant
Workplace Behavior
• Deviant Workplace Behavior
– Also called antisocial behavior or
workplace incivility
– Voluntary behavior that violates
significant organizational norms
and, in doing so, threatens the well-
being of the organization
– Deviant work behavior is likely to
flourish where it is supported by
group norms.
–
Typology of Deviant workplace
behavior
 Production
– Leaving Early
– Intentionally working slowly
– Wasting Resources
 Property
– damage and stealing
– Lying about hours worked
 Political
– favoritism
– Gossip and Rumors
– Blaming co-workers
 Personal Aggression
– sexual harassment
– Verbal Abuse
3. Status
A socially defined position or rank

given to groups or group members by


others – it differentiates group
members.

What determines status:


ü The power a person wields over others


ü A persons ability to contribute to a group’s
goals
ü An individual’s personal characteristics.
Status effects
 On Norms and Conformity
– High-status members are less restrained by
norms and pressure to conform
– Some level of deviance is allowed to high-
status members so long as it doesn’t
affect group goal achievement
 On Group Interaction
– High-status members are more assertive
– Large status differences limit diversity of
ideas and creativity
 On Equity
– If status is perceived to be inequitable, it
will result in various forms of corrective
behavior.
–
4. Size
• Group size affects behavior
• Size:
– Twelve or more members is a ‘large’
group
– Seven or fewer is a ‘small’ group
Attribute
– Small Large
Speed X

Individual X
performance
Problem solving X
Diverse input X
Overall X
performance
5: Cohesiveness
Degree to which group members are

attracted to each other and are


motivated to stay in the group.

 Positive outcomes of cohesiveness


– More participation
– More conformity
– More Communication
– More personal satisfaction
– High productivity
Cohesiveness - Productivity Relationship
Cohesiveness
High Low
Performance Norms

High Moderate
High Productivity Productivity

Low Moderate to Low


Low Productivity Productivity
Pros and Cons of a Group
Work
 Are two heads better than one?
•
OR

•
Are there too many cooks in the

kitchen?
Group Decision Making
• Strengths
 More complete information and
knowledge.
 Increased diversity of views.
 Weaknesses

Conformity pressures in group.
 Dominance.
 Ambiguous responsibility.
• Efficiency
 Accuracy.
 Creativity.

Phenomenon of Group Decision
Making
1.
 Groupthink : It occurs when group
members want so much consensus that
deviant, minority, or unpopular views are
not allowed full expression.
Symptoms:

– Members apply direct pressureson


those who express doubts about
shared views or who question the
alternative favored by the majority.
– Members who have doubts or
differing points of view keep silent
about misgivings.
– There appears to be an illusion of
 2. Groupshift:

• considered as a special case of


GROUPTHINK.

• group members tend to exaggerate


toward the extreme positions.
•
• in general, group decisions are more
risky than an individual’s decision.
Group Decision Making
Techniques
•
• Brainstorming

• Nominal Group Technique


•
• Interacting group
•
• Electronic meeting
Brainstorming
• To generate creative and unique
solutions.
• Members feel a sense of ownership
and commitment to
implementation.
•
• May generate ideas but not in a very
efficient manner.
• Time consuming process.
• May block the thought process.
Nominal Group Technique
1.

2. Members meet as a group and the leader defines


and explains the problem.
3. Before discussion takes place, each member
independently writes down ideas on the
problem.
4. No discussion takes place until all ideas have been
recorded.
5. After the silent period, each member presents one
idea to the group.
6. Ideas are discussed, clarified and evaluated by
members.
• Interacting Group:
– Members meet face to face.
– Verbal and non-verbal conversation.
– Conformity of opinion
–
• Electronic meeting:
– Many people sit around a table with
computer terminals.
– Honest ideas are displayed on screen
anonymously.
– Decreased group effectiveness and
more time consuming.
–
–
Problems Can Arise in Group
Work

–Conformity

–Group Think

–Social Loafing

 Thank you!!!!

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