CCTV

INTRODUCTION
• CCTV systems provide surveillance capabilities used in the protection of people,
assets, and systems. A CCTV system serves mainly as a security force multiplier,
providing surveillance for a larger area, more of the time, than would be feasible
with security personnel alone. CCTV systems are often used to support
comprehensive security systems by incorporating video coverage and security
alarms for barriers, intrusion detection, and access control. For example, a CCTV
system can provide the means to assess an alarm generated by an intrusion
detection system and record the event. A CCTV system links a camera to a video
monitor using a direct transmission system. This differs from broadcast television
where the signal is transmitted over the air and viewed with a television. New
approaches within the CCTV industry are moving towards more open architecture
and transmission methods versus the closed circuit, hard-wired connection systems
of the past.
 INTRODUCTION

• CCTV systems have many components with a variety of functions,

features, and specifications. Key components include cameras, lenses,
data distribution, power, and lighting, among others. CCTV technologies
continuously undergo feature refinements to improve performance in
areas such as digital equipment options, data storage, component
miniaturization, wireless communications, and automated image analysis.
The components, configuration options, and features available in today’s
CCTV market create a complex set of purchasing options. It is the intent
of this handbook to provide information on the capabilities and
limitations of CCTV components that will aid an agency procuring a new
CCTV system or upgrading an existing one.
Closed Circuit Tele Vision
COMPONENTS OF CCTV SYSTEMS
• CCTV uses components that are directly connected to generate, transmit, display,
and store video data. A CCTV system can be as simple as a camera purchased from
a retail electronics store connected to a video monitor. However, larger systems
operated by professional security personnel are comprised of a number of
components falling into several basic categories:
• • Cameras;
• • Lenses;
• • Housings and mounts;
• • Monitors;
• • Switchers and multiplexers; and
• • Video recorders.
• Many features exist within each of these categories that can satisfy an agency’s
operational requirements in the most challenging environments. The most complex
CCTV systems may incorporate hundreds of cameras and sensors integrated into one
overall security network
Figure 3-1. CCTV Component Diagram Example
SET-UP of CCTV
PARTS OF CAMERA
PARTS OF CCTV
• Cameras- Cameras are an essential component of any CCTV system.
Matching the right CCTV camera to a particular application is increasingly
complex due to rapid technological developments and a greater range of
applications
• All CCTV cameras include three basic elements: • Image sensor–Converts
light (photons) into electronic signals; • Lens–Gathers light reflected from a
subject and focuses the light on the image sensor; and • Image processing
circuitry–Organizes, optimizes, and transmits video signals. The type of
camera best suited for a CCTV system depends on the operational
environment and how it will integrate into the system. The answers to the
following questions may help determine the best camera type: • What is the
desired image quality? • What size is the desired field of view (FOV)? • How
much lighting is available? • Will the camera be installed indoors or
outdoors? • Will the video be monitored on a full time basis? • How will the
video be transmitted? • Will the camera be exposed to extreme conditions?
TYPES OF CCTV
• Fixed Cameras - Fixed cameras are mounted in a stationary position and are
focused on a single FOV, typically one particular area of interest. These
cameras can be used indoors or outdoors and can be installed overtly or
covertly. Fixed cameras vary in size and can be mounted in a wide range of
locations (e.g., inside cabinets or control panels, or on poles, fence lines, or
roofs). Fixed cameras can be integrated with an electronic security system (ESS)
and used to assess ESS alarms. For example, a fixed camera can surveil a
secured gate but only record data when the gate opens, triggering an alarm.
Fixed cameras are usually less expensive than PTZ cameras and require less
maintenance as they have fewer moving parts.
• PTZ Cameras-PTZ cameras come in a variety of sizes and shapes for interior and
exterior uses. Typically, a PTZ camera can be turned and tilted on two axes to
provide pan and tilt capabilities and the focal length of the lens can be varied to
change the FOV. This enables PTZ cameras to offer more flexibility for viewing
and capturing images in real time than fixed cameras. PTZ cameras can be
operated manually or in an automatic scan mode, thus capturing the most
relevant video possible.
Connectivity Type
• CCTV cameras may employ one of two types of data transmission: Network
Cameras–Network cameras connect to IP-based networks, including the
Internet, and provide remote viewing and recording. Network cameras are also
available in high definition (HD) which can provide greater image detail. Analog
Cameras–Despite increasing use of digital network cameras, a market for analog
cameras still exists. This may be due to the cost involved in upgrading and
converting to a new transmission process. Analog cameras have options for high
resolution, making them applicable for various surveillance needs. These
cameras also have some cyber security advantages because the coaxial cable
they are connected with would require physical access to breach.
• Day/Night Cameras-Day/night cameras offer flexibility by automatically
adjusting to current lighting conditions. These cameras capture color images in
daylight and switch to black-and-white to improve image quality at night. The
camera relies on an analysis of the current image or a photoelectric sensor to
determine when to automatically remove the infrared-cut filter and switch to
monochrome settings.
Connectivity Type
• Low-Light or Night Vision Cameras -Cameras used to capture images in dark
environments are either low-light or night vision cameras. Low-light cameras
are designed to perform in some level of ambient lighting, such as indoor
restaurant lighting, street lamps, or a full moon; they are not intended for use
in complete darkness. Night vision cameras used in CCTV systems typically
consist of near-infrared (NIR) and IR cameras with built-in IR illuminators. They
are designed to allow the operator to view night scenes. The distance from
which a CCTV camera can detect objects at night depends on the capability of
the camera components, such as the lens and sensor, as well as on the intensity
of the IR illuminator used. The IR light emitted from these illuminators can be
at wavelengths that are invisible to the human eye. The primary determinant
for whether a camera transmits an image in color or monochrome (varying tones
of a single color) is the camera’s image sensor. Monochrome cameras record
images using light in NIR wavelengths outside the range of human perception
(i.e., spectroscopic) while the image sensor of a color camera uses filters on the
individual light
Requirements and Design Worksheets