UNDERWATER SENSOR

NETWORK
Types and Requirements of WSN
Some Key Requirements of Wireless Sensor
Networks
Scalability: It will expand this network to add nodes as required.
Its expansions should be easy to conduct.
Reliability: Many methods are there for reducing the power
usage of (WSN) nodes, which are resulting in an increase in the
lifetime of the network and their consistency.
Responsiveness: The response time is very quick because of its
limitations.
Mobility: Mobility is the basic feature of WSN. It is a wireless
network so no wire is used for this
network. That is why mobility is a key requirement of WSN.
Power efficiency: It uses a sensor that results in low power
consumption.
Environment Monitoring
 Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
(UWSN).
The research in the underwater environment is facing many
challenges in
• localization
• node mobility
• end to end delay
• dynamic topology
• energy consumption
• effective communication.
• In underwater wireless sensor networks, routing is different from the
terrestrial wireless sensor networks due to a limited bandwidth, node
mobility, and end to end delay in data packet transmission.
• Existing routing protocols have been analyzed which investigate the
optimization performance of network services, node mobility, end to end
delay, and energy draining of sensor nodes.
 Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
(UWSN).
• Large numbers of routing protocol have been developed for
those that are working in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
(UWSN).

• The UWSN consists of four different numbers of sensor nodes.

Nodes that are anchored to the sea bottom have randomly
floated with the water current
 Underwater Wireless Sensor Network
(UWSN).
• The acoustic signal also faces many problems due to a high
error rate, low available bandwidth, node mobility, lower
propagation speed, and high end to end delay.

• In recent years, the wireless sensor network applications have

spanned into different fields for use in weather monitoring;
water pollution monitoring such as biological, chemical,
nuclear, and micro-organism tracking; and disaster prevention
• UWSN is also widely used in underwater oil and gas pipeline
corrosion detection and military security applications.

• In order to design an efficient UWSN routing protocol,

researchers face many challenges which attenuate the medium,
such as node mobility, end-to-end propagation delay, and
energy saving
 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs).

• Special wireless devices for healthcare systems are called

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs).

• Mostly, they are used to monitor physiological parameters

such as the heartbeat, temperature, stress level, and oxygen
level.

• In spite of these physiological parameters, they also monitor

and analyze the routine of exercise and the requirement of the
human body.
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN)
Level 1: First level of WBAN architecture is called the body
sensor unit that is based on one or more body sensor units and are
placed outside or inside of the human body. This sensor gets
required data from the human body and sends it wirelessly to the
next layer.

Level 2: Second layer is called the body central unit. The body
central unit contains personal servers, and these servers get data
from sensors which calculate and manipulate this data,
generating the required results. This layer can be based on a
wireless computer system, an Android mobile phone, or any GPS
supported system that can manipulate received data.
Level 3: Third layer based on end user’s machines where end
users are medical assistance or physicians and their machines can
be a computer or mobile phones. These machines gather the
required information from layer two, and ask end users to provide
a response for a patient’s fitness. If there are some emergency
results, then the machine sends an alarm to the end user and
makes it possible to generate a quick response so that patients can
get proper treatment.
UNDERWATER SENSOR
NETWORKS
-
CHALLENGES-
 High propagation delay
 Radio waves are extremely strongly attenuated in salt
water
 The channel is severely impaired (multipath and
fading)
 Energy conservation is different
 Underwater sensors are prone to failures because of
fouling and corrosion
SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
 POSSIBLE RISKS IN A
UNDERWATER
HARSH ENVIRONMENT

 Fishing trawlers
 Underwater life
 Failure of waterproofing
 APPLICATIONS

Seismic Monitoring:
A promising application for underwater sensor networks is
seismic for oil extraction from underwater
monitoring
fields.
 Cost is very high
 Seismic survey can only be carried out rarely.
 USING A SENSOR NETWORK
RAISES A
NUMBER OF RESEARCH
CHALLENGES:
 Extraction of data, reliably
 Localization, where each node to determines its location when it
is deployed or should it move
 Distributed clock synchronization clocks for accurate data reporting
 Energy management approaches to extend sensor network lifetime for
a multiyear deployment
 SOLUTION
S

 Low-power Acoustic Communication:

Undersea seismic monitoring of oil fields is an “all or

appl
nothing” ication.
How to efficiently re-configure the network after a long sleep
period?
Low power listening with flooding.
 SOLUTION
S
 Localization:

Localization algorithms are based on the signal strength or the time-

of-
arrival (TOA).
TOA-based algorithms estimate distances between nodes
by measuring the propagation time of a signal.
 SOLUTION
S
 Application-Level Data Scheduling:
Acoustic networks have very limited communications bandwidth.
How to coordinate node’s transmissions in an energy-efficient way
that
can best utilize the channel?

 acoustic radio at 20kb/s

 raw transfer time for one
node is 16 minutes
 General Idea
Sensor
A Device that receives and respond to a signal
or stimulus.
As human we perceive the world via senses(
we can hear, taste, touch, see and smell).
Machine senses through sensors like
temperature sensors ,pressure sensors and
light sensors.
Sensor Network
Sensor networks are dense wireless networks of small, low-cost
sensors, which collect and disseminate environmental data.

Sensor Node
A
B Sensor Field
Sink E C
F
Internet, D

Satellite,
etc

Task Architecture of Sensor Network

Manager
Key Technologies that enable sensor network:

 Micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)

 Wireless communications
 Digital electronics

Terrestrial sensor network

It typically consist of hundreds to thousands of inexpensive
wireless sensor nodes deployed in a given area ,either in ad
hoc or in a preplanned manner.
 INTRODUCTION
Underwater sensor network have the
potential to enable unexplored
applications and to enhance our ability
to observe and predict the ocean .

Unmanned or Autonomous
Underwater vehicles (UUVs,
AUVs),equipped with underwater
sensors are also envisioned to find
application in exploration of natural
underwater resources and gathering of
scientific data in collaborative
monitoring missions.
 INTRODUCTION
Underwater sensor network have the
potential to enable unexplored
applications and to enhance our ability
to observe and predict the ocean .

Unmanned or Autonomous
Underwater vehicles (UUVs,
AUVs),equipped with underwater
sensors are also envisioned to find
application in exploration of natural
underwater resources and gathering of
scientific data in collaborative
monitoring missions.
 APPLICATION
It enable abroad S
range of
application:

 Ocean Sampling network

 Environmental monitoring
 Undersea Explorations
 Disaster prevention
 Seismic Monitoring
 Equipment monitoring
 Assisted Navigation
 Distributed Tactical Surveillance
 Mine Reconnaissance
 CHALLENGES IN DESIGN OF
UNDERWATER NETWORK
 The available bandwidth is severely limited.
 The underwater channel is impaired because of multipath
and fading.
 Battery power is limited and usually batteries cannot
be recharged.
 Underwater sensors are prone to failures because of
fouling and corrosion.
 DIFFERENCES WITH TERRESTRIAL
SENSOR NETWORKS
Underwater Sensor Network has to take care of living beings
that exist in Oceans and to protect their life while using
autonomous vehicles and sensors . Thus these network has to
be developed based on the challenges posed by the underwater
environment.
Beyond that underwater sensor network is different from
terrestrial sensor network in terms of :
 Cost
 Deployment
 Power
 Memory
 Spatial Correlation
 UNDERWATER SENSOR NETWORK
COMPONENT
For realization of these networks we need different components as:
UNDERWATER SENSORS
The typical internal architecture of an underwater sensor is shown:

The controller receives data from the

sensor and can store the data in the on-
board memory, process them, and send
them to other network devices by
controlling the acoustic modem.
These devices include sensors to
measure the quality of water and to
study its characteristics.
• Examples of Underwater Sensors Node:

(a) (b)

• (a) Aquacomm underwater modem

• (b) LinkQuest underwater sensor nodes.
AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are programmable,
robotic vehicles that, depending on their design, can drift, drive, or
glide through the ocean without real-time control by human
operators.
In addition to static sensor nodes, several types of AUVs exist as
experimental platforms for underwater experiments.
Examples of existing AUVs :
Odyssey-class AUVs developed at MIT (small scale submarines )

Odyssey AUV
Drifters and gliders are oceanographic instruments often used in
underwater exploration(simpler devices that do not encompass
such sophisticated capabilities).

View of a drifter from above (left) and Spray glider.

from below (right)
 COMMUNICATON ARCHITECTURE
The network topology is in general a crucial factor in determining
the energy consumption, the capacity, and the reliability of a
network.
The network capacity is also influenced by the network topology.
Since the capacity of the underwater channel is severely limited, a
it is very important to organize the network topology in such a
way that no communication bottleneck is introduced.
 Static 2-D UWSNs for ocean bottom monitoring
 Static 3-D UWSNs for ocean-column monitoring
 The 3-D networks of AUVs
Static 2-D UWSNs for ocean bottom monitoring:
• These are constituted by sensor nodes that are anchored to
the bottom of the ocean.
• Typical applications may be environmental monitoring, or
monitoring underwater plates in tectonics.
• Components used :
Architecture for 2-D
UWSNs.
Static 3-D UWSNs for ocean column monitoring
• These include networks of sensors whose depth can be
controlled by means of various techniques.
• May be used for surveillance applications or monitoring of
ocean phenomena (ocean bio/geo/chemical processes, water
streams, pollution).
• Components:
Architecture for 3-D UWSNs.
3-D Networks of AUVs
• These include networks of sensors whose depth can be
controlled by means of various techniques.
• May be used for surveillance applications or monitoring of
ocean phenomena (ocean bio/geo/chemical processes, water
streams, pollution).

AUV
 The integration and enhancement of fixed sensor networks with
AUVs is an almost unexplored research area which requires new
network coordination algorithms such as:

• Adaptive sampling: This includes control strategies to

command the mobile vehicles to move to places where their data
will be most useful.
• Self-configuration: This includes control procedures to
automatically detect connectivity holes due to node failures or
channel impairment and request the intervention of an AUV.
Furthermore, AUVs can be used either for installation and
maintenance of the sensor network infrastructure or to deploy new
sensors.
 Sensor network protocol stack
Physical Layer :Until the beginning of the last decade, due to the
challenging characteristics of the underwater channel, underwater
modem development was based on non-coherent frequency Shift
Keying (FSK) modulation, since it relies on energy detection and
thus does not require phase tracking, which is a very difficult task
mainly because of the Doppler-spread in the UW-A channel. In FSK
modulation schemes developed for underwater, the multi-path
effects are suppressed by inserting time guards between successive
pulses to ensure that the reverberation, caused by the rough ocean
surface and bottom, vanishes before each subsequent pulse is
received.
Data Link Layer :Channel access control in UW-ASNs poses
additional challenges because of the peculiarities of the underwater
channel, in particular limited bandwidth, and high and variable
delay.
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is not suitable for
UW-ASNs due to the narrow bandwidth in UW-A channels and
the vulnerability of limited band systems to fading and multi-
path.
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) shows a limited
bandwidth efficiency because of the long time guards required
in the UW-A channel. In fact, long time guards must be designed
to account for the large propagation delay and delay variance of
the underwater channel.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) prevents collisions with the
ongoing transmission at the transmitter side. To prevent collisions at
the receiver side, however, it is necessary to add a guard time
between transmissions dimensioned according to the maximum
propagation delay in the network. This makes the protocol
dramatically inefficient for UW-ASNs.
Network Layer :The network layer is in charge of determining the
path between a source (the sensor that samples a physical
phenomenon) and a destination node (usually the surface station). In
general, while many impairments of the underwater acoustic
channel are adequately addressed at the physical and data link
layers, some other characteristics, such as the extremely long
propagation delays, are better addressed at the network layer.
The existing routing protocols are usually divided into three
categories, namely proactive, reactive and geographical routing
protocols.
Transport Layer :A transport layer protocol is needed in UW-ASNs
to achieve reliable transport of event features, and to perform flow
control and congestion control. Most existing TCP implementations
are unsuited for the underwater environment since the flow control
functionality is based on a window-based mechanism that relies on
an accurate estimate of the Round Trip Time (RTT). The long RTT,
which characterizes the underwater environment, would affect the
throughput of most TCP implementations. Furthermore, the
variability of the underwater RTT would make it hard to effectively
set the timeout of the window-based mechanism, which most
current TCP implementations rely on.