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Mec400 Instrumentation and Control Systems: Slide No: 1

This document provides an introduction to instrumentation and control systems. It defines instrumentation as the study of measuring instruments and their control in industrial processes. The key topics covered include the definition of instruments, the functional elements of instruments like sensors and transducers, different types of instruments like analog and digital, and methods of measurement like direct and indirect. Calibration is also introduced as comparing instrument measurements to known standards to ensure accuracy.

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Aayush Patidar
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139 views22 pages

Mec400 Instrumentation and Control Systems: Slide No: 1

This document provides an introduction to instrumentation and control systems. It defines instrumentation as the study of measuring instruments and their control in industrial processes. The key topics covered include the definition of instruments, the functional elements of instruments like sensors and transducers, different types of instruments like analog and digital, and methods of measurement like direct and indirect. Calibration is also introduced as comparing instrument measurements to known standards to ensure accuracy.

Uploaded by

Aayush Patidar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Slide No: 1

MEC400 INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTIONS
CONTENTS
• What is instrumentation
• Definition of Instrument
• Functional elements of an instrument
• Classification of instrument
• Definition of Measurement
• Method of Measurement
• Calibration and its needs
DEFINITION OF INSTRUMENTATION
• Instrumentation is a branch of engineering, related to study of various
measuring instruments and their control. Instrumentation is all
about measurement and control
• Any process plant has to continuously monitor and control four important
parameters.
Pressure , Flow
Temperature, Level
• This can only be done with the help of instrumentation. To monitor
continuously,  first these parameters are to be measured and then
controlled
DEFINITION OF INSTRUMENT
• An instrument is a device that measures a physical or electrical quantity
such as flow, temperature, current, voltage, level, distance, angle, or
pressure .It is also called measuring instrument
• The term measuring instrument is commonly used to describe a
measurement system, whether it contains only one or many elements

Thermometer
Voltmeter
Ammeter
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN INSTRUMENT
OR MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Physical Input Transduced


Quantity to Signal Signal
Modify Analog
be measured Amplifier Signal indicator
Output
(Measurand) Transducer Filter
For example, A-D converter Digital Display
Pressure, Signal
Force, Primary Sensing Graphical
Conditioning
Temperature Element Display
Element
etc
Data Presentation
Element (Output)
SENSOR AND TRANSDUCER
• The sensor is a device, that senses a physical quantity and converts it into
an analogue quantity which can be measured electrically such as voltage,
capacitance, inductance and ohmic resistance. The output needs to be
operated, interfaced & regulated by the system designer
• The transducer is a device that is connected to sensor to convert the
measured quantity into a standard electrical signal such as 0-10V DC, -10 to
+10V DC, 4 to 20mA, 0 to 20mA, 0-25mA etc. The o/p of the transducer
can be directly used by the system designer
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN
INSTRUMENT – Bourdon Tube pressure gauge
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF AN
INSTRUMENT – Bourdon Tube pressure gauge
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENT
1. Active/Passive instruments

2. Null or deflection type

3. Analogue or digital
PASSIVE INSTRUMENTS

• Definition: The instrument type in which output entirely


depends on quantity to be measured

The pressure of the fluid is


translated into a movement of a
pointer against scale.
The energy expanded in moving
the pointer is derived entirely
from the change in pressure
measured. In this passive
instrument, there are no other
energy inputs to the system.
POTENTIOMETER

A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that forms an


adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as
a variable resistor or rheostat.
ACTIVE INSTRUMENTS

Definition: the quantity being measured simply modulates the


magnitude of some external power source

Power source

Example: Liquid Level Indicator

The energy in the output signal comes from the external power source. In this
active instrument, float system is merely modulating the value of the voltage
from this external power source
DEFLECTION TYPE INSTRUMENT
• In these types of instruments, pointer of the measuring
instrument deflects to measure the physical quantity
• The value of the quantity can be measured by measuring the
net deflection of the pointer from its initial position

The pressure gauge just mentioned is a good


example of a deflection type of instrument,
where the value of the quantity being
measured is displayed in terms of the
amount of movement of a pointer
NULL TYPE INSTRUMENT
• An alternative type of pressure gauge is the dead weight
gauge shown in Figure which is a null-type instrument
• Here weights are put on top of the piston until the
downward force balances the fluid pressure. Weights are
added until the piston reaches a datum level, known as the
null point

Example
Dead weight pressure gauge
NULL TYPE INSTRUMENT
• Pressure measurement is made in terms of the value of the
weights needed to reach this null position. The accuracy of
these two instruments depends on different things. For the
first one it depends on the linearity and calibration of the
spring, while for the second it relies on the calibration of the
weights. 

Dead weight gauge


HOW TO CALIBRATE PRESSURE GAUGE
WITH DEAD WEIGHT TESTER
DEFLECTION vs. NULL TYPE INSTRUMENT

• In terms of usage the deflection type instrument is clearly


more convenient. It is far simpler to read the position of a
pointer against a scale than to add and subtract weights until
a null point is reached

• A deflection-type instrument is therefore the one that would


normally be used in the workplace. However, for calibration
duties, the null-type instrument is preferable because of its
superior accuracy. The extra effort required to use such an
instrument is perfectly acceptable in this case because of the
infrequent nature of calibration operations
ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL
INSTRUMENT
• An analogue instrument gives an output that varies
continuously as the quantity being measured. Ex:
Deflection type of instrument

• Physical Variables are represented by digital quantities -


Digital Instrument

analogue instrument Digital Instrument


METHOD OF MEASUREMENTS
There are two methods of measurement:
• Direct Measurement
• Indirect Measurement
• Contact and Non Contact type Measurement
DIRECT MEASUREMENT

• In direct measurement the quantity being


measured produce certain effect which gives the
indication on meter

Example: Measurement of current by ammeter.


INDIRECT MEASUREMENT

In which the quantity to be measured is not measured


directly, but other parameter related to the quantity are
measured.

Example 1:
For measurement of power (P) we measure voltage (V) and
current (I) then P = V*I

Example 2:
For measurement of resistance (R) we measure (V) and
current (I) then R=V/I
CALIBRATION
Definition of calibration
• Calibration is a comparison between a known measurement
(the standard) and the measurement using your instrument
Purpose of a calibration
• To ensure reading from an instrument are consistent
with other instruments.
• To determine the accuracy of the instrument (that it
can be trusted for its observed/ displayed measured
value).

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