YES/NO QUESTIONS

To create a question that will be answered with a ‘yes’ or ‘no’, use ‘was‘ / ‘were‘ (or
‘wasn’t‘ / ‘weren’t‘ for a negative question) + -ing verb.

EXAMPLES
-Was he playing football at that moment?
-Yes, he was (No, he wasn’t).
- Were they staying with their parents?
- Yes, they were (No, they weren’t).
 WH QUESTIONS

“Wh-questions” are questions that require more information in their answers. They are
made using wh- words such as what, where, when, why, which, who, how, how many,
how much.
To make a special question, use the same word order as with yes-no questions but put a
wh-word before the verb ‘was’ or ‘were’. The structure is:

wh-word + was/were + [subject] + -ing verb

EXAMPLES
• What was she thinking doing last night?.
• What music were they listening to?
• Why were they drinking champagne yesterday?
 1 . Y ES /N O Q U E S TI O N S 2 . W H Q U ES TI O N S

EXAMPLES:

-Why were the buses running late?

LONG ANSWER:
The buses were running late because there was a lot of
-Yes, I was Reading books. traffic.
-No, he wasnt playing football, -What instruments were those musicians playing?
-No, they were not singing a song. The musicians were playing the piano and the violin.
 PRESENT PERFECT
Forming the present perfect
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently,
but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.

The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the
auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb.

1 . I h a v e w o r k e d h e r e f o r   a y e a r.
He trabajado aquí por un año.
2 . H e h a s b e e n i n l o n d o n f o r s i x m o n t h s n o w.
É l h a e s t a d o e n l o n d re s p o r s e i s m e s e s a h o r a .
 NEGATIVE FORM

1 . Yo u h a v e n o t ( ha v e n 't ) s a id an y th in g .
N o h a s d ic h o n a d a .
2 . S he ha s n o t ( h a s n' t) ta lk e d to m e .
Ell a n o h a h a b la d o c o n m i g o.
 INTERROGATIVE FORM

1.What has Mari done after college?

¿Qué ha hecho mari después de la universidad?
2.Have you eaten indian food?
¿Has comido comida india?
AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE, QUESTIONS
 EXAMPLES

1. I have seen that movie twenty times.

2. I think I have met him once before.
3. There have been many earthquakes in California.
4. People have traveled to the Moon.
5. People have not traveled to Mars.
6. Have you read the book yet?
7. I have [I’ve] talked to Peter.
8. She has [She’s] gone to work.
9. We have [We’ve] been to London.
10.They have [They’ve] learned English.
P R E S E N T P E R F E C T A N D PA S T S I M P L E
 TIME EXPRESSIONS

TIME EXPRESSION MEANING

since desde
for por
Lately/recently Últimamente/recientemente
Ever/never/always/rarely/often Alguna vez/nunca/siempre/rara vez/ con
frecuencia, a menudo
all Todo/toda
Yet/ already/just Aún/ya/justo (acabar de)
today hoy
This week/month/year Esta semana/mes/año
 PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE
We ca n u se t h e p re se n t p er f ec t t o d ef i n e a p e ri o d o f t i m e .   F O R a n d S IN C E
c a n a lso b o th b e u s e d w i t h t h e p a st p er f ec t . S IN C E c a n o n l y b e u s e d w i t h
p e rfe ct t en s es . F O R ca n a l s o b e u s ed w i t h th e si m p l e p a s t.

2. Since + a point in time

1. For + a period of time
since this morning, since last
for six years, for a week, for a
week, since yesterday
month, for hours, for two hours.
since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2
o'clock
Examples:
Examples:
• I have worked here for five years. • I have worked here since 1990.
• We have taught at this school since 1965.
• I've known Julie for ten years.
• Alice has been married since March 2nd.
• I've been hungry for hours. • They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.
• I've liked chocolate since I was a child.
• She's had a cold for a week.
• She's been here since 2pm.
• They have been at the hotel for a week.
EXERSICES

I. Choose the correct answer: si nce or for?

1. I have lived in London  ____ three years.

2. Leila has been a nurse____   1999.
3. We haven't met____our last year at high school.
4. I have been teaching____a long time.
5.The kids have been on vacation____two weeks.
6. What have you been doing____you left your last job?
7. He has had his new laptop____a month.
8. Where have you been working  ____you had your master's degree?
9. The shop has been closed____monday.
10. He has known her____they were five years old.
EXERSICES

II. Look at the following time expressions. For each one, choose either "for"
or "since".

1 . t he 2 4 t h o f M a y ( _ __ )
2 . y e s t e r da y ( _ _ _ )
3. 2 weeks ago (___)
4 . I w a s a t un i ve r s i t y ( _ _ _ )
5 . l a s t Tu e sd a y ( _ __ )
6. last week (___)
7 . 9 m o nt hs ( _ _ _ )
8 . a lo n g t im e ( _ _ _)
9 . I w a s a t e e na g e r ( _ _ _ )
1 0 . F iv e m in ut e s ( _ __ )
11 . 1 9 9 8 ( _ _ _ )
12. ages (___)
Present perfect: “How long have you (done something)?
( Por cuánto tiempo has hecho algo )
FORM:
How long+ have/has + subject +past participle + C+?

Example:

1 . Ho w lo n g h a v e y o u u s ed y o u r sm a r t p h o n e?
I h a v e u se d my p h o n e f o r tw o h o u r s.

Wh en I h a v e a q u es t i o n t h a t s t a r t s wi t h ° h o w l o n g ° i n p re s en t p e rf ec t I h a v e t o
a n sw er w ith S IN C E o r F O R .

2 . Ho w lo n g h a s y o u r m o m h a d t h a t c a r ?
M y mo m h a s h a d t h a t c a r si n c e 2 0 1 6 .
EXERSI CES
I I I . F i l l i n t h e b l a n k s i n t h e s e n t e n c e s w i t h t h e c o r re c t v e r b i n t h e p a s t p a r t i c i p l e f o r m .

1 . H o w l o n g h a s h e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ P re s i d e n t o f A m e r i c a ?
2. How long have they _____________ English at this school?
3. How long have you ______________ Candy Crush Saga phone game?
4. How long has your little sister __________ her money for a new bike?
5. How long have you ____________ me?
6. How long have you ____________ your pet dog?
7 . H o w l o n g h a s h e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ta e k w o n d o ( m a r t i a l a r t ) ?
8. How long have we ____________ together at this job?
 CLASSWORK
I . F ill in t h e b la nk s in t h e s en t e n ce s w i t h ei t h er " f o r " o r " s inc e "
1 . I h av e n' t s e e n m y u nc le _ s inc e _ _ la st c h r is t m as .
2 . We ha v e be e n in t h e sa m e c la ss _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 2 ye a r s .
3 . We ha v e liv e d he r e _ _ __ _ _ __ m a r c h of 20 1 0.
4 . H e h as b ee n m y t e a ch e r _ __ _ _ __ _ m a y.
5 . Th ey h a ve st u d ie d w eb d es ig n __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 3 m ont hs .
6 . Fa ce b oo k h as b ee n po p ul ar __ _ _ __ _ _ _ 5 ye a r s .
7 . I h av e h a d m y ip h on e __ _ __ _ _ __ f eb r u ar y 14 ' t h .
8 . M y cit y h as h ad a s u bw a y s y st em _ _ _ __ _ __ 3 de c ad es .
9 . H uma ns ha ve t r a ve ll e d i n sp a ce _ _ __ _ _ __ _ 1 9 64 .
1 0 .T ha t s o ng h as b e en # 1 o n t he c h ar t s __ _ _ __ _ _ 3 w e e ks
 RECENTLY , LATELY
- The adverbs recently and lately both suggest that something is done either "at a recent time" or "not long ago“.
-Recently and lately can be used in positive statements, negative statements, or questions:

Wh at h a ve y ou d on e recently/lat ely ?

RECENTLY LATELY
This adverb means recientemente in Spanish. This adverb means ultimamente in Spanish.

POSITION POSITION
The adverb recently can be used both, before the You have to use lately at the end of the
main verb and at the end of the sentence. sentences.

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
He has not traveled recently. We have worked a lot lately.
 EXAM PL ES
R E C E N T LY
1.Alex has recently finished his university studies. He's elaborating his dissertation.
2.Juan has recently finished his thesis.
3.Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
4 . H e ’s r e c e n t l y l o s t s o m e w e i g h t .
5.I haven’t seen her recently.
Q u e s t i o n ( Ye s / N o )
Have you spoken to Susana recently?
Answer 1: No, I haven’t.
A n s w e r 2 : Ye s , I h a v e .
 EXAMPLES
L AT E LY
1 . To m m y h a s p l a y e d a l o t o f v i d e o g a m e s l a t e l y. T h e y h a v e b e c o m e a n o b s e s s i o n .
2. Jason hasn't called me lately. He must be busy 
3. I’ve gotten a lot of spam e-mails lately.
4. Adam and Dana haven’t been to church lately.

Q uestion (Yes/No)
-Have you seen any good movies lately?
A : Ye s , I h a v e .
-Have you been exercising lately?
A : N o , I h a v e n ’ t . I ’ v e b e e n v e r y b u s y.
 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
E V E R / N E V E R / A LWAY S / R A R E LY / O F T E N

1) Ever and never

The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now

‘Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle).

EXAMPLES

Form: Has/have+Subject + ever+ past participle+C+?

Q: Have you ever visited Berlin? (Has visitado alguna vez Berlin?)

Yes, I have visited Berlin twice now.

No, I haven’t. Or No, I have never visited Berlin.

N: He has never seen a snake.
GRAMMAR/SITUATIONS
EXAMPLES
1. Have you ever taken dance classes?
A: Yes, I have. I took 6 weeks of lessons before my wedding!
2. Has  your brother ever been to india?”
A: No, he hasn’t.

Note: Don’t use  ever in the answer. Only use it in questions.

If you want, you can use  before in the answer:

Wrong answer: yes, i’ve ever taken dance classes.

Correct answer : Yes, i’ve taken dance classes before.

3. I’ve  never   failed a t est . I ’ve always got t en 80% or more.

4. He’s  never  hear d of M ichael Jackson. I can’t believe he doesn’t know t he
king of pop!
5. Samantha has   never   been surf ing. She’s afr aid of t he ocean.
6. T hey’ve   never   told a lie. I know we can trust t hem.
 H O M EWO R K
1 . Wr i te aff ir m a t iv e a n d n eg a t iv e s e n t en c e s a n d q u e s ti o n s . U s e s in c e an d
f o r.
( w r ite 1 5 se n t en c e s , f iv e o f e a c h o n e ( 5 a ff ir m a tiv e , 5 n eg a t iv e a n d 5
q u e s ti o ns )
2 . F o r m q u e s tio n s u s in g th e a d v e r b e v e r a n d w r i te th e a n s w er s .
F o r e x a m p le :
- H a ve y o u e v e r e at e n p i zz a ?
Ye s , I h av e. I a te p iz z a l a s t w e e k .
- H a v e y o u e v e r lo st yo u r p h o n e ?
N o , I h a v e n ’t , Bu t m y d a d lo s t h is p h o ne o n c e .
- H a v e y o u e v e r t r a v e le d ab r o a d ?
N o , I h a v e ne ve r tr a v el e d a b r oa d .
 FREQUENCY ADVERBS
E V E R / N E V E R / A LWAY S / R A R E LY / O F T E N

2) Always, Rarely, Often

Generalmente suelen ir entre el auxiliar y el participio del verbo.

EXAMPLES

Form: Subject +have/has +always,rarely,often,never+ past participle+C+.

1. She has always been my friend.

Siempre ha sido mi amiga.

2. I have rarely worked with him.

3. How often have you been to the supermarket?

A: I have been to the supermarket twice this week.

 YET/ALREADY/JUST

JUST

Just (usually means very recent) is typically only used in positive statements and

questions:

EXAMPLES:

1. Don’t touch the walls. I’ve just painted them and they’re still wet.

2. What book have you just finished reading?

A:I’ve just finished reading Harry Potter.

3. I've just seen Susan coming out of the cinema.

4. Mike's just called. Can you ring him back, please?

5. Have you just taken my pen?!

 A L R E A D Y , Y E T

YET ALREADY

-“Yet” used with the present perfect means 'at any -”Already” used with the present perfect means
time up to now‘ or aún/todavia is Spanish. 'before now'.
-Yet (in this context) is only used in negative -Already emans “ya” in Spanish.
sentences and questions.
POSITION
POSITION - between the auxiliary and the main verb or at the
end of the clause.
At the end of the sentence or question.
-At the end of the sentence.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES

1. Have you finished your homework yet? 1. I've already spent my salary and it's two weeks

2. I haven't finished it yet. I'll do it after dinner. before payday.

3. A. Where's Sam? 2. He wanted to see Sudden Risk but I've already

2. B: He hasn't arrived yet. seen it.

3. The train's left already!
 EXERCISES

II. Write the sentences in the correct order.

1. eaten / I / already / have / lunch

I have already eaten lunch.
2. ? / this / yet / have / seen / you / film /
3. car / bought / just / a / I / new
4. know / do / still / doesn't / she / to / what
5. minute / it / just / will / a / take
6. on / still / you / can / help / Saturday / me / ? 
7. finished / have / project / our / we / already  
8. dinner / haven't / yet / made / I
9. old / still / they / that / house / live / in
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

The present perfect continuous tense (also known as the present perfect
progressive tense) shows that something started in the past and is continuing at the
present time. The present perfect continuous is formed using the construction:

 Subject + has/have been + main verb (root + -ing)+ C.

- A F F I R M AT I V E : S H E H A S B E E N / S H E ' S B E E N R U N N I N G .
- N E G AT I V E : S H E H A S N ' T B E E N R U N N I N G .
- I N T E R R O G AT I V E   : H A S S H E B E E N R U N N I N G ?
- N E G AT I V E : H A S N ' T S H E B E E N R U N N I N G ?
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

EXAMPLES

Time expressions:

-for
-since
-all morning / all
afternoon/ all evening/
all week / all day / all
week
-for ___minutes
-for___hours
 UNFINISHED ACTIONS UNFINISHED ACTIONS
1 2

-To say how long for unfinished actions which

-For temporary habits or situations. The action
started in the past and continue to the present.
started in the past and continues to the present in
-We often use this with 'for' and 'since' the same way as with use number 1.
-we use a word like 'recently'.

EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES

•I've been living in London for two years.

• I've been going to the gym a lot recently.
•She's been working here since 2004.
• They've been living with his mother while they
•We've been waiting for the bus for hours.
look for a house.
• I've been reading a lot recently.