‫وزارة الموارد المائية والرى والكهرباء‬

‫‪Ministry Of Water Resources and Electricity‬‬

‫الشركة السودانية للتوليد المائى المحدودة‬

‫‪Sudanese Hydro Generation Co.Ltd‬‬

‫قسم تقنية المعلومات‬

‫برنامج التدريب ‪ :‬أساسيات الشبكات‬

‫إعداد‪ :‬محمد عبدالسالم‬

 OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized,

non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved
in networking functions.

7 Layers
7. Application Layer
6. Presentation Layer
5. Session Layer
4. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
2. Data Link Layer
1. Physical Layer
 LAYER 7 – The APPLICATION Layer

• The top layer of the OSI model

• Provides a set of interfaces for sending and
receiving applications and to use network
services, such as: message handling and
database query processing
• Responsibility: The application layer is
responsible for providing services to the user.
 LAYER 6 – The PRESENTATION Layer
• Manages data-format information for networked communications
(the network’s translator)
• For outgoing messages, it converts data into a generic format for
network transmission; for incoming messages, it converts data from
the generic network format to a format that the receiving
application can understand
• This layer is also responsible for certain protocol conversions, data
encryption/decryption, or data compression/decompression
• A special software facility called a “redirector” operates at this
layer to determine if a request is network related on not and
forward network-related requests to an appropriate network
resource
 LAYER 5 – The SESSION Layer

• Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing

communications (called a session) across a network
• Applications on either end of the session are able to ex
hange data for the duration of the session
This layer is:
• Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating
sessions
• Responsible for security and access control to session
information (via session participant identification)
• Responsible for synchronization services, and for
checkpoint services
 LAYER 4 – The TRANSPORT Layer

• Manages the transmission of data across a network

• Manages the flow of data between parties by segmenting
long data streams into smaller data chunks (based on
allowed “packet” size for a given transmission medium)
• Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the
receiving end
• Provides acknowledgements of successful transmissions
and requests resends for packets which arrive with errors
• The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
 LAYER 3 – The NETWORK Layer

• Handles addressing messages for delivery, as

well as translating logical network addresses and
names into their physical counterparts
• Responsible for deciding how to route
transmissions between computers
• This layer also handles the decisions needed to
get data from one point to the next point along a
network path
• This layer also handles packet switching and
network congestion control
 LAYER 2 – The DATA LINK Layer

• Handles special data frames (packets) between

the Network layer and the Physical layer
• At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data
from the physical layer into data frames for
delivery to the Network layer
• At the sending end this layer handles conversion
of data into raw formats that can be handled by
the Physical Layer
 LAYER 1 – The PHYSICAL Layer

• Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages

• Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages
• This layer manages the interface between the the computer and the
network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
• This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment
unit, ex. network interface cards (NICs, modems, etc.)) what needs
to be sent across the medium
• The bottom layer of the OSI model
• The physical layer is responsible for movements of
• individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Summary
What is TCP/IP?

• TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating

computers to share resources across a network
• TCP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol”
• IP stands for “Internet Protocol”
• They are Transport layer and Network layer protocols respectively
of the protocol suite
• The most well known network that adopted TCP/IP is Internet –
the biggest WAN in the world

11
 What is a protocol?

• A protocol is a collection of rules and procedures for

two computers to exchange information
• Protocol also defines the format of data that is being
exchanged

12
Why TCP/IP is so popular?

• TCP/IP was developed very early

• Technologies were widely discussed and circulated in
documents called “Request for Comments” (RFC) – free
of charge
• Supported by UNIX operating system

13
 TCP/IP Model

• Because TCP/IP was developed earlier than the OSI 7-

layer mode, it does not have 7 layers but only 4 layers
TCP/IP Protocol Suite

FTP, SMTP, Telnet, HTTP,…

TCP, UDP
IP, ARP, ICMP
Network Interface

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 Layer of Models

TCP/IP 4-layers OSI 7-layers

Application

Transport

Network

Network Interface

15
 Layer-1 Application Layer
• Application layer protocols define the rules when
implementing specific network applications
• Rely on the underlying layers to provide accurate and
efficient data delivery
• Typical protocols:
• FTP – File Transfer Protocol
• For file transfer
• Telnet – Remote terminal protocol
• For remote login on any other computer on the network
• SMTP – Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• For mail transfer
• HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• For Web browsing
16
Layer-2 Transport Layer

Message
Application
Segments

Transport h M h M h M
Network
Network Interface

17
TCP and UDP
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP is a connection-oriented protocol
• Does not mean it has a physical connection between sender
and receiver
• TCP provides the function to allow a connection virtually
exists – also called virtual circuit
• TCP provides the functions:
• Dividing a chunk of data into segments
• Reassembly segments into the original chunk
• Provide further the functions such as reordering and data
resend
• Offering a reliable byte-stream delivery service 18
Layer-3 Network Layer

Message
Application
Segments

h M h M h M
Transport
Network h h M h h M h h M
Network Interface Datagrams / Packets

19
Network Addresses and Subnets
• A header is added to each segment in the Network
layer
Total
Length

Time to Protocol Header

Live CheckSum
3 IP Source Address
Segment Destination Address

Segment

20
Layer-4 Data Link and Physical Layers

Message
Application
Segments

h M h M h M
Transport
Network h h M h h M h h M
Packets
Network Interface
h h h M h h h M
Frames 21
 Concept

• OSI: Open Systems • TCP/IP: Transport

Interconnection. It Control
was developed by Protocol/Internet
ISO as a first step Protocol. TCP is used
toward international in connection with IP
standardization of the and operates at the
transport layer. IP is the
protocol used in
set of convention used
various layers. It
to pass packets from
deals with connecting one host to another.
open system..
 Difference
• OSI makes the • TCP/IP does not
distinction between originally clearly
services, interfaces, and distinguish between
protocol. services, interface,
• The OSI model was and protocol.
devised before the
• TCP/IP model was
protocols were invented.
It can be made to work just a description of
in diverse the existing protocols.
heterogeneous The model and the
networks. protocol fit perfectly.
 Difference (continue)

• The OSI model • The TCP/IP model

supports both has only one mode in
connectionless and the network layer
connection-oriented (connectionless) but
communication in the supports both modes
network layer, but in the transport layer,
only connection- giving the user
oriented choice.
communication in the
transport layer.
 Difference
(continue)
• OSI emphasis on • TCP/IP treats reliability as
providing a reliable data an end to end Problem.
transfer service, Each The transport layer
layer of the OSI model handles all error detection
detects and handles and recovery, it was
errors, all data checksums,
transmitted includes acknowledgments, and
checksums. The transport timeouts to control
layer checks source- transmissions and
destination reliability. provides end-to-end
verification.
 Difference (continue)

• Host on OSI • TCP/IP hosts

implementations do participate in most
not handle network network protocols.
operations.