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Modelling & Simulation: Fabrication and Testing of PI, PD, PID Controllers Using Op-Amp

The document summarizes the modeling and simulation of proportional, integral, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers using operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes the basic overview of op-amps and how they can be used to implement mathematical operations like integration and differentiation. Circuit diagrams and analysis are provided for op-amp integrators and differentiators. Waveforms from Multisim simulations are shown verifying the theoretical outputs. Finally, the mechanisms of proportional, integral, and derivative terms in a PID control loop are briefly explained.

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ShashwatSuny
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101 views16 pages

Modelling & Simulation: Fabrication and Testing of PI, PD, PID Controllers Using Op-Amp

The document summarizes the modeling and simulation of proportional, integral, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers using operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes the basic overview of op-amps and how they can be used to implement mathematical operations like integration and differentiation. Circuit diagrams and analysis are provided for op-amp integrators and differentiators. Waveforms from Multisim simulations are shown verifying the theoretical outputs. Finally, the mechanisms of proportional, integral, and derivative terms in a PID control loop are briefly explained.

Uploaded by

ShashwatSuny
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUBMITTED BY

Modelling & Shashwat Srivastava


Exam Roll: 510517083
Enrolment Number: B05-510717045

Simulation Phone/Whatsapp: +918004042175


Email: sunystudious@gmail.com

Fabrication and testing of PI, PD, PID


controllers using Op-Amp
GROUP 2
MEMBERS (Name + Exam-Roll)

Shashwat Srivastava 510517083

Ritik Ranjan 510517084

Aditya Vikram Choudhary 510517014

Rohit Kumar 510517007


An op-amp or operational amplifier is a linear device
Overview and extensively used in filtering, signal conditioning,
or mainly used for performing mathematical
operations such as addition, subtraction,
differentiation, and integration.

It uses external feedback components among the


input as well as output terminals of op-amp like
resistors and capacitors. These components will
resolve the operation of the op-amp with good
features like capacitive, resistive, etc. The amplifier
can execute a variety of functions.
OP-Amp
Integrator
A circuit that performs the mathematical
integration of input signal is called an
integrator.

Circuit Analysis:

A : Virtual Ground means that that point A is


0V but it is not mechanically grounded.
Therefore, no current flows from point A to
ground.

Because of virtual ground and infinite


impedance of the OP-amp, all of the input
current i flows through the capacitor
Circuit Analysis

Iin = Input Current

Vin = Input Voltage

Rin = Input Resistance

Vc = Voltage Across Capacitor

Vout = Output Voltage

dQ/dt = If (Current through


Capacitor)
OP-Amp Differentiator

A circuit that performs the mathematical


Differentiation of input signal is called an
Differentiator.

Circuit Analysis:

A : Virtual Ground means that that point A is


0V but it is not mechanically grounded.
Therefore, no current flows from point A to
ground.

Because of virtual ground and infinite


impedance of the OP-amp, all of the input
current i flows through the capacitor
Circuit Analysis

Iin = Input Current

Vin = Input Voltage

Rin = Input Resistance

Vc = Voltage Across Capacitor

Vout = Output Voltage*

dQ/dt = If (Current through


Capacitor)
*Output voltage is the rate of change of input
Comparison

MultiSim Analysis

vs

Theoretical Output
(Purely Integrative)
CIRCUIT 1
WAVEFORMS

OUTPUT

INPUT
CIRCUIT 2
WAVEFORMS

OUTPUT

INPUT
CIRCUIT 3
WAVEFORMS

OUTPUT

INPUT
PID Control Loop ➢ ‘P’ accounts for the current value of error e(t).
But the issue is that zero current error will not
Mechanism apply any correction
➢ ‘I’ accounts for past values of error and integrates
Continuously calculates error them over time t. After eliminating this error, I
term ceases to grow. This will result in
value:
proportional effect diminishing as error
e(t)=Difference between ‘SP’ and
decreases
‘PV’, ➢ "D" accounts for the current rate of change and
and applies correction based on hence an estimation of future trends. The more
Proportional, Integral, Derivative rapid the change, the greater the control effect.

SP-> Set Point (Fixed)


PV-> Process Variable
PID Controller
Thank you.

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