MODULE-2

TYPES OF CAMERA

SUBMITTED TO- SUBMITTED BY-

ATUL KUMAR YADAV JITENDRA KUMAR

AR. SHALNI DIWAKER B.ARCH 4TH YEAR
SESSIONS 2019-20
ITM SATP LKO
CONTENT:-

 USE OF VARIOUS CAMERAS,

 LENSES AND ACCESSORIES
 HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT
 SLR, DSLR CAMERAS
 LENSES FOR DIFFERENT FOCAL LENGTHS FOR VARIOUS CONTEXTS
 USE OF WIDE ANGLE, NORMAL
 TELE, ZOOM, MACRO, CLOSE UP LENSES
 FILTERS-UV, SKYLIGHT, COLOUR FILTERS,

 SPECIAL EFFECT FILTER

 SHUTTER SPEEDS - SLOW, NORMAL AND HIGH AND THEIR VARIOUS

APPLICATIONS
 APERTURES - USE OF VARIOUS APERTURES TO SUIT DIFFERENT
LIGHTING CONDITIONS AND TO ENHANCE DEPTH OF FIELDS.
TYPES OF CAMERA
CAMERA OBSCURA - A BOX WITH A
SMALL PINHOLE AND PHOTOSENSITIVE
PAPER; WHEN PINHOLE IS OPEN, PAPER IS
EXPOSED TO LIGHT VERSIONS OF CAMERA
OBSCURA USED AS EARLY AS THE 16TH
CENTURY; TELESCOPES WOULD PROJECT
IMAGES ONTO WALLS IN DARKROOMS
1816: JOSEPH NIÉPCE FIRST TO COMBINE
CAMERA OBSCURA WITH PHOTOSENSITIVE
PAPER AND GLASS.

DAGUERREOTYPE - THE DAGUERREOTYPE WAS THE FIRST

COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL PHOTOGRAPHIC
PROCESS (1839-1860) IN THE HISTORY OF
PHOTOGRAPHY.
NAMED AFTER THE INVENTOR, LOUIS JACQUES
MANDÉ DAGUERRE, EACH DAGUERREOTYPE IS A
UNIQUE IMAGE ON A SILVERED COPPER PLATE.

KODAK & FILM -

1884: George Eastman,
developed dry gel on paper, or
film, to replace the photographic
plate; the first film roll
 Portable, low in cost, and for the
masses!
 1901: Introduction of the
Brownie portable camera
35MM FILM

1934: KODAK INTRODUCED 35MM (A.K.A.

135MM) FILM CATRIDGES
THIS BECAME THE STANDARD FOR
PHOTOGRAPHY AND MOTION PICTURES
ALSO KNOWN AS FULL-FRAME

INSTANT CAMERA

1923: A CAMERA THAT DEVELOPED IN A

“PORTABLE” DARKROOM WAS INVENTED;
TOO LARGE AND CLUNKY
1948: THE FIRST COMMERCIAL INSTANT
CAMERA IS DEVELOPED; POLAROID LAND

 SLR
SLR = SINGLE LENS REFLEX
USES PENTA-PRISM MIRROR TO ALLOW
PHOTOGRAPHER TO SEE EXACTLY WHAT THE
LENS SEES.
WE’LL SEE HOW THIS WORKS THIS LATER.
1959: NIKON F IS WORLD’S FIRST SLR
CAMERA

POINT & SHOOT (DIGITAL CAMERA)

•1975: FIRST DIGITAL CAMERA,
•INVENTED BY STEVE SASSON; WORKED AT
KODAK
•SMALL, COMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT, USER-
FRIENDLY (NOT THAT ONE , OBVIOUSLY!)
•NON-INTERCHANGEABLE LENS
•LIMITED FUNCTIONALITY
•SMALL SENSORS (LOWER QUALITY IMAGE)
 BRIDGE/PROSUMER
• MORE FUNCTIONALITY THAN TYPICAL P&S
•TYPICALLY, NON-INTERCHANGEABLE LENS
•SMALL SENSORS (LOWER QUALITY IMAGE)
•A COMBO OF P&S USER-FRIENDLINESS
WITH MORE ADVANCED MANUAL FEATURES
OF A DSLR

DSLR
•1991: FIRST COMMERCIAL DSLR; KODAK DCS 100

•DSLR = DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX

•WORKS IDENTICALLY TO THE MANUAL SLR
•REPLACES FILM WITH A DIGITAL SENSOR
•ADVANCED FUNCTIONALITY
•FULL FRAME & CROP-FRAME (FULL-SIZED
SENSOR VS. SMALLER, MORE COMPACT
SENSOR)

MIRRORLESS
MILC: MIRRORLESS INTERCHANGEABLE-LENS CAMERA
2004: LEICA M, FIRST MILC

ADVANTAGES;

•MORE ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF FINAL IMAGE

•GETS RID OF THE PENTA-PRISM MIRROR = LIGHTER, SMALLER

•LESS PARTS, LESS EXPENSIVE

SMARTPHONE -

2000: FIRST CAMERA PHONE; J-PHONE

INITIALLY, VERY LIMITED

•LOW QUALITY
•LOW FOCUS RANGE
•EXTREMELY SMALL SENSOR
•NOW, CAMERA PHONES RIVAL POINT & SHOOTS

LENSES AND ACCESSORIES

THIN LENS
• A LENS IS AN OPTICAL SYSTEM WITH TWO
REFRACTING SURFACES .
• THE SIMPLEST LENS HAS TWO SPHERICAL
SURFACES CLOSE ENOUGH TOGETHER THAT
WE CAN NEGLECT THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
THEM (THE THICKNESS OF THE LENS)

SOME TYPES OF LENS-

`
LENS

` LENS
CONVERING DIVERING
` LENS
CONVERGING LENS (CONVEX)
• HAS THE PROPERTY THAT WHEN A BEAM
OF RAYS PARALLEL TO THE AXIS PASSES
THROUGH THE LENS, THE RAYS CONVERGE
TO A POINT F2 AND FORM A REAL IMAGE AT
THAT POINT.
• A POSITIVE LENS (F1 AND F2 ARE BOTH
POSITIVE)

DIVERGING LENS (CONCAVE) -

• THE BEAM OF PARALLEL RAYS INCIDENT

ON THIS LENS DIVERGES AFTER
REFRACTION.
• IS CALLED A NEGATIVE LENS
• THE FOCAL LENGTH OF A DIVERGING LENS
IS A NEGATIVE QUANTITY

LENS ACCESSORIES-
FOR MANY PHOTOGRAPHERS, CARRYING MULTIPLE LENSES QUICKLY BECOMES
MORE OF A REQUIREMENT THAN AN ELECTIVE. AND AS MOST ALREADY KNOW,
WITH ADDITIONAL LENSES COME ADDITIONAL LENS ACCESSORIES AND THE
INEVITABLE QUESTION OF WHICH IS WORTH THE INVESTMENT AND SPACE IT WILL
TAKE UP IN YOUR CAMERA BAG.
LENS CAPS AND HOODS
A SMALL LID OR COVER FOR
A CAMERA LENS WHICH PROTECTS IT WHEN THE
CAMERA IS NOT IN USE SHE PUT THE LENS CAP
ON HER CAMERA. CALLED LENS CAPS.

IN PHOTOGRAPHY, A LENS HOOD OR LENS SHADE

IS A DEVICE USED ON THE FRONT END OF A LENS
TO BLOCK THE SUN OR OTHER LIGHT SOURCE TO
PREVENT GLARE AND LENS FLARE. LENS HOODS
MAY ALSO BE USED TO PROTECT THE LENS FROM
SCRATCHES AND THE ELEMENTS WITHOUT HAVING
TO PUT ON A LENS COVER.
HANDLING OF EQUIPMENT-

PROPER CAMERA HANDLING TECHNIQUES. ONE OF

THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF USING
ANY CAMERA IS HOLDING IT THE RIGHT WAY.
HOLDING THE CAMERA: IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT
YOU HOLD THE CAMERA WITH BOTH HANDS. YOU
HOLD THE GRIP OF THE CAMERA WITH YOUR RIGHT
HAND, AND YOU PLACE YOUR LEFT HAND UNDER
THE LENS.

•HANDLING: ALWAYS HANG YOUR DSLR AROUND YOUR NECK USING THE STRAP.
•THIS WILL ENSURE THAT YOUR EQUIPMENT WILL NEVER FALL ACCIDENTLY.
• A SPECIAL CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN GIVING YOUR CAMERA TO OTHERS. .
•BAG: CAMERA BAG SHOULD CONTAIN SOFT INNER SURFACE TO AVOID ANY
SCRATCHES ON CAMERA BODY.

SLR, DSLR CAMERAS-

A DIGITAL SINGLE-LENS REFLEX CAMERA (DIGITAL SLR OR DSLR) IS A DIGITAL
CAMERA THAT COMBINES THE OPTICS AND THE MECHANISMS OF A SINGLE-LENS
REFLEX CAMERA WITH A DIGITAL IMAGING SENSOR.
THE REFLEX DESIGN SCHEME IS THE PRIMARY DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DSLR AND
OTHER DIGITAL CAMERAS.
IN THE REFLEX DESIGN, LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH THE LENS AND THEN TO A
MIRROR THAT ALTERNATES TO SEND THE IMAGE TO EITHER THE VIEWFINDER OR
THE IMAGE SENSOR.
THE VIEWFINDER OF A DSLR PRESENTS AN IMAGE THAT WILL NOT DIFFER
SUBSTANTIALLY FROM WHAT IS CAPTURED BY THE CAMERA'S SENSOR BUT PRESENTS
IT AS A DIRECT OPTICAL VIEW THROUGH THE LENS, RATHER THAN BEING CAPTURED
BY THE CAMERA'S IMAGE SENSOR AND DISPLAYED BY A DIGITAL SCREEN.
DSLRS LARGELY REPLACED FILM-BASED SLRS DURING THE 2000S, AND DESPITE THE
RISING POPULARITY OF MIRROR LESS SYSTEM CAMERAS IN THE EARLY 2010S, DSLRS
REMAIN THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF INTERCHANGEABLE LENS CAMERA IN USE AS
OF 2019.
ABOUT SLR CAMERAS-
•A SINGLE-LENS REFLEX CAMERA (SLR) IS A CAMERA THAT TYPICALLY USES A MIRROR
AND PRISM SYSTEM (HENCE "REFLEX" FROM THE MIRROR'S REFLECTION) THAT
PERMITS THE PHOTOGRAPHER TO VIEW THROUGH THE LENS AND SEE EXACTLY WHAT
WILL BE CAPTURED.
•WITH TWIN LENS REFLEX AND RANGEFINDER CAMERAS, THE VIEWED IMAGE COULD
BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE FINAL IMAGE.
•WHEN THE SHUTTER BUTTON IS PRESSED ON MOST SLRS, THE MIRROR FLIPS OUT OF
THE LIGHT PATH, ALLOWING LIGHT TO PASS THROUGH TO THE LIGHT RECEPTOR AND
THE IMAGE TO BE CAPTURED.

ABOUT DSLR CAMERAS-

DSLR STANDS FOR “DIGITAL SINGLE LENS REFLEX”.

IN SIMPLE LANGUAGE, A DSLR IS A DIGITAL CAMERA THAT USES A MIRROR
MECHANISM TO EITHER REFLECT LIGHT FROM A CAMERA LENS TO AN OPTICAL
VIEWFINDER (WHICH IS AN EYEPIECE ON THE BACK OF THE CAMERA THAT ONE
LOOKS THROUGH TO SEE WHAT THEY ARE TAKING A PICTURE OF) OR LET LIGHT
FULLY PASS ONTO THE IMAGE SENSOR (WHICH CAPTURES THE IMAGE) BY MOVING
THE MIRROR OUT OF THE WAY.
ALTHOUGH SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERAS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE IN VARIOUS
SHAPES AND FORMS SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY WITH FILM AS THE RECORDING
MEDIUM, THE FIRST COMMERCIAL DIGITAL SLR WITH AN IMAGE SENSOR APPEARED
IN 1991.
COMPARED TO POINT-AND-SHOOT AND PHONE CAMERAS, DSLR CAMERAS
TYPICALLY USE INTERCHANGEABLE LENSES.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN SLR AND DSLR:-

QUALITIES DSLR SLR Camera

TECHNOLOGY DIGITAL SINGLE-LENS REFLEX. SINGLE-LENS REFLEX. REFLEX

REFLEX MIRROR THAT MIRROR THAT ALLOWS LIVE
ALLOWS LIVE AND DIGITAL OPTICAL VIEWING THROUGH
OPTICAL VIEWING THROUGH THE LENS TAKING THE IMAGE.
THE LENS TAKING THE IMAGE.

REQUIRES Memory cards Camera film

STORAGE THOUSANDS OF IMAGES 36 IMAGES PER ROLL OF FILM

SHUTTER SPEED 1 – 1/4000 s 1-1/1000 s

OPTICAL VIEWFINDER Yes Yes

MANUAL CONTROLS Yes Yes

LENSES INTERCHANGEABLE INTERCHANGEABLE

REUSABILITY IMAGES CAN BE ERASED; IMAGES CANNOT BE

CARD CAN BE REUSED FOR ERASED, AND THE FILM
A NEW SET OF PICTURES CANNOT BE REUSED

VIDEO CAPTURE SOMETIMES NO

LIVE PREVIEW SOMETIMES NO